Vitamin D and Health

10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25(OH)D concentration significantly reduced risk by risk by 13.3%
(OR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98; p=0.02).
6.264 Weisse et al. (2013) measured serum 25(OH)D concentration in mother-child pairs (n=378) during
pregnancy and at birth. In a multivariate regression model, maternal serum 25(OH)D concentration
was positively associated with children’s risk of food allergy within the second year of life (OR=3.66;
95% CI, 1.36-9.87) or within the 2 year lifetime period (OR=1.91; 95% CI, 1.09-3.37). Higher maternal
serum 25(OH)D concentration (was also associated with a greater risk of sensitisation against food
allergens (OR=1.59; 95% CI, 1.04-2.45 74 ). Cord serum 25(OH)D concentration was also positively
associated with the children's risk of food allergy within the second year of life (OR=4.65; 95% CI, 1.5-
14.48). No association was found between cord serum 25(OH)D concentration and food allergy within
the first year of life or for atopic eczema, total IgE or specific IgE at all time points.
Autoimmune disease
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Intervention studies
6.265 No intervention studies could be identified.
Cohort studies
6.266 Simpson et al. (2011) investigated the association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and
development of islet autoimmunity (IA) and type I diabetes in children (n=2644; age, 9m-10y) at
increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Over 8 years of follow-up, 198 children developed IA but there was
no association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and risk of developing IA or type I diabetes.
6.267 A prospective nested case control study among US active-duty military personnel identified type I
diabetes cases (n=310) with at least 2 serum 25(OH)D samples collected before disease onset and
controls (n=613) (Munger et al., 2013). Non-Hispanic whites with serum 25(OH)D concentration
≥ 100 nmol/L had a 44% lower risk of developing type I diabetes compared to those with
concentrations < 75 nmol/L (RR=0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.90; p=0.03). No significant association was found
in non-Hispanic blacks or Hispanics.
6.268 A prospective nested case-control study in Norway examined whether lower maternal serum 25(OH)D
concentration during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1
diabetes (Sorensen et al., 2012). Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration in pregnant women (n=109)
who delivered a child that subsequently developed type I diabetes before 15y of age was compared
with controls (n=219). Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly lower in cases than in
controls (65.8 vs 73.1 nmol/L; p=0.021). Offspring of cases in the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D
concentration (≤ 54 nmol/L) were at a higher risk of developing type I diabetes compared to those in
the upper quartile (> 89 nmol/L) (OR=2.38; 95% CI, 1.12-5.07; p=0.03).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
6.269 IBD is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract and mainly
includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The IOM report did not identify any systematic reviews
or RCTs for this indicator. It noted 2 cross-sectional analyses that had evaluated serum 25(OH)D
concentrations in patients with IBD (Jahnsen et al., 2002; Pappa et al., 2006).
74 4 th quartile (25 th -75 th percentile: 80-152 nmol/L) vs 1 st quartile (25 th – 75 th percentile: 15-36 nmol/L).
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