Vitamin D and Health

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Blank S, Scanlon KS, Sinks TH, Lett S & Falk H (1995) An outbreak of hypervitaminosis D associated with the overfortification of milk from a home-delivery dairy. Am J Public Health 85, 656-659. Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW & Roberts JM (2007) Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 3517-3522. Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, Cooper ME, Parrott MS, Roberts JM, Marazita ML & Simhan HN (2010) Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr 140, 999-1006. Bogh MK, Gullstrand J, Svensson A, Ljunggren B & Dorkhan M (2012) Narrowband ultraviolet B three times per week is more effective in treating vitamin D deficiency than 1600 IU oral vitamin D(3) per day: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 167, 625-630. Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E & Wulf HC (2010) Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 130, 546-553. Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E & Wulf HC (2011) Interdependence between body surface area and ultraviolet B dose in vitamin D production: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 164, 163- 169. Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Horne AM, Mason BH, Ames RW, Wang TK, Grey AB, Gamble GD & Reid IR (2010) Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 82-89. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD & Reid IR (2011) Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 342, d2040. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD & Reid IR (2014) Vitamin D supplementation and falls: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2, 573-580. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Ames RW, Mason BH, Horne AM, Gamble GD & Reid IR (2007) The effects of seasonal variation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and fat mass on a diagnosis of vitamin D sufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 86, 959- 964. Bosworth CR, Levin G, Robinson-Cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ruzinski J, Young B, Schwartz SM, Himmelfarb J, Kestenbaum B, et al. (2012) The serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration, a marker of vitamin D catabolism, is reduced in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 82, 693-700. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, Lieben L, Mathieu C & Demay M (2008) Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 29, 726-776. Brandstedt J, Almquist M, Manjer J & Malm J (2012) Vitamin D, PTH, and calcium and the risk of prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 23, 1377-1385. Brannon PM & Picciano MF (2011) Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation in humans. Annu Rev Nutr 31, 89- 115. Brannon PM, Yetley EA, Bailey RL & Picciano MF (2008) Overview of the conference "Vitamin D and Health in the 21st Century: an Update". Am J Clin Nutr 88, 483S-490S. Bransby ER, Berry WT & Taylor DM (1964) Study of the Vitamin D intake of infants in 1960. Br Med J 1, 1661- 1663. Brazerol WF, McPhee AJ, Mimouni F, Specker BL & Tsang RC (1988) Serial ultraviolet B exposure and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D response in young adult American blacks and whites: no racial differences. J Am Coll Nutr 7, 111-118. Brett PM, Zygogianni P, Griffiths GS, Tomaz M, Parkar M, D'Aiuto F & Tonetti M (2005) Functional gene polymorphisms in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. J Dent Res 84, 1149-1153. 145
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
Page 109 and 110: serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
Page 111 and 112: linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
Page 113 and 114: factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
Page 115 and 116: As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
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Table 13: Intervention studies on e
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Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
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Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
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Table 24: Prospective studies on as
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Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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