Vitamin D and Health

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Grant CC, Kaur S, Waymouth E, Mitchell EA, Scragg R, Ekeroma A, Stewart A, Crane J, Trenholme A, et al. (2015) Reduced primary care respiratory infection visits following pregnancy and infancy vitamin D supplementation: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Paediatr 104, 396-404. Grant WB (2008) Variations in vitamin D production could possibly explain the seasonality of childhood respiratory infections in Hawaii. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27, 853. Grant WB & Soles CM (2009) Epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of maternal vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development of infantile autism. Dermatoendocrinol 1, 223-228. Greer FR (2008) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: functional outcomes in infants and young children. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 529S-533S. Greer FR, Ho M, Dodson D & Tsang RC (1981) Lack of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human milk. J Pediatr 99, 233-235. Grimes DS, Hindle E & Dyer T (1996) Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease. QJM 89, 579-589. Grossmann RE & Tangpricha V (2010) Evaluation of vehicle substances on vitamin D bioavailability: a systematic review. Mol Nutr Food Res 54, 1055-1061. Gupta R, Sharma U, Gupta N, Kalaivani M, Singh U, Guleria R, Jagannathan NR & Goswami R (2010) Effect of cholecalciferol and calcium supplementation on muscle strength and energy metabolism in vitamin D- deficient Asian Indians: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 73, 445-451. Haddad JG (1995) Plasma vitamin D-binding protein (Gc-globulin): multiple tasks. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53, 579-582. Haddad JG, Matsuoka LY, Hollis BW, Hu YZ & Wortsman J (1993) Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis. J Clin Invest 91, 2552-2555. Haggarty P, Campbell DM, Knox S, Horgan GW, Hoad G, Boulton E, McNeill G & Wallace AM (2013) Vitamin D in pregnancy at high latitude in Scotland. Br J Nutr 109, 898-905. Haliloglu B, Ilter E, Aksungar FB, Celik A, Coksuer H, Gunduz T, Yucel E & Ozekici U (2011) Bone turnover and maternal 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period: should routine vitamin D supplementation be increased in pregnant women? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 158, 24-27. Halline AG, Davidson NO, Skarosi SF, Sitrin MD, Tietze C, Alpers DH & Brasitus TA (1994) Effects of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Endocrinology 134, 1710-1717. Hannan MT, Litman HJ, Araujo AB, McLennan CE, McLean RR, McKinlay JB, Chen TC & Holick MF (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density in a racially and ethnically diverse group of men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 40-46. Harris SS & Dawson-Hughes B (1998) Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr 67, 1232-1236. Harris SS & Dawson-Hughes B (2002) Plasma vitamin D and 25OHD responses of young and old men to supplementation with vitamin D3. J Am Coll Nutr 21, 357-362. Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, Javaid K, Cooper P, Moon R, Cole Z, Tinati T, Godfrey K, et al. (2014) Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 18, 1-190. Hazell TJ, Pham TT, Jean-Philippe S, Finch SL, El Hayek J, Vanstone CA, Agellon S, Rodd CJ & Weiler HA (2015) Vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral density and bone mineral content in preschool-aged children. J Clin Densitom 18, 60-67. Health Council of the Netherlands (2012) Evaluation of dietary reference values for vitamin D, publication no. 2012/15E. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands. 153
Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell NH, Binkley N & Hollis BW (2008) 25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3: relation to circulating vitamin D3 under various input conditions. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 1738-1742. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF & Barger-Lux MJ (2003) Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 204-210. Hennig BJ, Parkhill JM, Chapple IL, Heasman PA & Taylor JJ (1999) Association of a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with localized early-onset periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 70, 1032-1038. Henry HL (2005) The 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1 –hydroxylase. In: Feldman D, Pike JW and Glorieux FH (eds) Vitamin D. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 69–83. Henry HL (2011) Regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25, 531-541. HHS (Department of Health and Human Services) (2011) National Institutes of Health; Notice of Vitamin D standardization programme Hill TR, Cotter AA, Mitchell S, Boreham CA, Dubitzky W, Murray L, Strain JJ, Flynn A, Robson PJ, et al. (2008) Vitamin D status and its determinants in adolescents from the Northern Ireland Young Hearts 2000 cohort. Br J Nutr 99, 1061-1067. Hill TR, O'Brien MM, Lamberg-Allardt C, Jakobsen J, Kiely M, Flynn A & Cashman KD (2006) Vitamin D status of 51-75-year-old Irish women: its determinants and impact on biochemical indices of bone turnover. Public Health Nutr 9, 225-233. Hoang MT, Defina LF, Willis BL, Leonard DS, Weiner MF & Brown ES (2011) Association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and depression in a large sample of healthy adults: the Cooper Center longitudinal study. Mayo Clin Proc 86, 1050-1055. Holick MF (2004a) Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 1678S-1688S. Holick MF (2004b) Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 362-371. Holick MF (2005) Photobiology of vitamin D. In: Feldman D, J.W. P and F.H. G (eds) Vitamin D. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsiever Academic Press, 37-46. Holick MF (2011) Vitamin D: evolutionary, physiological and health perspectives. Curr Drug Targets 12, 4-18. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH & Weaver CM (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96, 1911-1930. Holick MF & Jenkins M (2003) The UV advantage, New York, NY: iBooks, Inc. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB, Holick SA, Potts JT, Jr., Anderson RR, Blank IH, Parrish JA & Elias P (1980) Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science 210, 203- 205. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA & Doppelt SH (1981) Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 211, 590-593. Hollams EM, Hart PH, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Parsons F, de Klerk NH, Zhang G, Sly PD & Holt PG (2011) Vitamin D and atopy and asthma phenotypes in children: a longitudinal cohort study. Eur Respir J 38, 1320-1327. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M & Wagner CL (2011) Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 26, 2341- 2357. Hollis BW & Napoli JL (1985) Improved radioimmunoassay for vitamin D and its use in assessing vitamin D status. Clin Chem 31, 1815-1819. 154
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
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factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
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As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
Page 215 and 216: Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
Page 217 and 218: Table 24: Prospective studies on as
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Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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