Vitamin D and Health

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Finch S, Doyle W, Lowe C, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Smithers G & Clarke PC (1998) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. Volume 1: report of the diet and nutrition survey, London: TSO. Finer S, Khan KS, Hitman GA, Griffiths C, Martineau A & Meads C (2012) Inadequate vitamin D status in pregnancy: evidence for supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 91, 159-163. Finglas PM, Roe MA, Pinchen HM, Berry R, Church SM, Dodhia SK, Farron-Wilson M & Swan G (2015) McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, Seventh summary edition, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Fitzpatrick T (1975) "Soleil et peau" [Sun and skin]. Journal de Médecine Esthétique 2, 33-34. Fitzpatrick TB (1988) The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol 124, 869-871. Flynn A, Hirvonen T, Mensink GB, Ocke MC, Serra-Majem L, Stos K, Szponar L, Tetens I, Turrini A, et al. (2009) Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries. Food Nutr Res 53. Fomon SJ, Younoszai MK & Thomas LN (1966) Influence of vitamin D on linear growth of normal full-term infants. J Nutr 88, 345-350. Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A, Bolland M, Grey A & Witham M (2014) Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 746-755. Formiga F, Ferrer A, Megido MJ, Boix L, Contra A & Pujol R (2014) Low serum vitamin D is not associated with an increase in mortality in oldest old subjects: the Octabaix three-year follow-up study. Gerontology 60, 10- 15. Forsythe LK, Livingstone MB, Barnes MS, Horigan G, McSorley EM, Bonham MP, Magee PJ, Hill TR, Lucey AJ, et al. (2012) Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. Br J Nutr 107, 126-134. Fraser DR (1983) The physiological economy of vitamin D. Lancet 1, 969-972. Fu GK, Lin D, Zhang MY, Bikle DD, Shackleton CH, Miller WL & Portale AA (1997) Cloning of human 25- hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase and mutations causing vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1. Mol Endocrinol 11, 1961-1970. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, Godfrey KM & Cooper C (2008) Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 62, 68-77. Gallagher JC, Jindal PS & Smith LM (2014) Vitamin D supplementation in young White and African American women. J Bone Miner Res 29, 173-181. Gallagher JC, Peacock M, Yalamanchili V & Smith LM (2013) Effects of vitamin D supplementation in older African American women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98, 1137-1146. Gallagher JC, Sai A, Templin T, 2nd & Smith L (2012) Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 156, 425-437. Gallicchio L, Moore LE, Stevens VL, Ahn J, Albanes D, Hartmuller V, Setiawan VW, Helzlsouer KJ, Yang G, et al. (2010) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of kidney cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. Am J Epidemiol 172, 47-57. Gandini S, Boniol M, Haukka J, Byrnes G, Cox B, Sneyd MJ, Mullie P & Autier P (2011) Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma. Int J Cancer 128, 1414-1424. 151
Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty F & Wang YT (2010) Serum vitamin D concentrations are related to depression in young adult US population: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int Arch Med 3, 29. Ganmaa D, Giovannucci E, Bloom BR, Fawzi W, Burr W, Batbaatar D, Sumberzul N, Holick MF & Willett WC (2012) Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial. Am J Clin Nutr 96, 391-396. Gao L, Tao Y, Zhang L & Jin Q (2010) Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms and tuberculosis: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14, 15-23. Garnero P (2014) New developments in biological markers of bone metabolism in osteoporosis. Bone 66, 46- 55. Gascon-Barre M (2005) The vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. In: Feldman D, J.W. P and Glorieux FH (eds) Vitamin D. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 47-68. German Nutrition Society (2012) New reference values for vitamin D. Ann Nutr Metab 60, 241-246. Ghazi AA, Hosseinpanah F, E MA, Ghazi S, Hedayati M & Azizi F (2010) Effects of different doses of oral cholecalciferol on serum 25(OH)D, PTH, calcium and bone markers during fall and winter in schoolchildren. Eur J Clin Nutr 64, 1415-1422. Gifre L, Peris P, Monegal A, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Alvarez L & Guanabens N (2011) Osteomalacia revisited : a report on 28 cases. Clin Rheumatol 30, 639-645. Gilbert R, Martin RM, Beynon R, Harris R, Savovic J, Zuccolo L, Bekkering GE, Fraser WD, Sterne JA, et al. (2011) Associations of circulating and dietary vitamin D with prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 22, 319-340. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM & Lamb SE (2012) Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9, CD007146. Girgis CM, Mokbel N, Cha KM, Houweling PJ, Abboud M, Fraser DR, Mason RS, Clifton-Bligh RJ & Gunton JE (2014) The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in skeletal muscle of male mice and modulates 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) uptake in myofibers. Endocrinology 155, 3227-3237. Golan S, Shalev V, Treister G, Chodick G & Loewenstein A (2011) Reconsidering the connection between vitamin D levels and age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 25, 1122-1129. Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR, Robinson S, Yu C, Poulton S, Kirkby JC, Stocks J, Hooper R, et al. (2013) Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 8, e66627. Goodall EC, Granados AC, Luinstra K, Pullenayegum E, Coleman BL, Loeb M & Smieja M (2014) Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 14, 273. Goodman JR, Gelbier MJ, Bennett JH & Winter GB (1998) Dental problems associated with hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant rickets. Int J Paediatr Dent 8, 19-28. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L, Williams AL, Kleinman PK, Perez-Rossello J & Cox JE (2008) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162, 505-512. Goussous R, Song L, Dallal GE & Dawson-Hughes B (2005) Lack of effect of calcium intake on the 25- hydroxyvitamin d response to oral vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90, 707-711. Grandi NC, Breitling LP & Brenner H (2010) Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Prev Med 51, 228-233. 152
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
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factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
Page 115 and 116: As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
Page 215 and 216: Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
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Table 24: Prospective studies on as
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Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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