Vitamin D and Health

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Datta P, Bogh MK, Olsen P, Eriksen P, Schmedes AV, Grage MM, Philipsen PA & Wulf HC (2012) Increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 in humans after solar exposure under natural conditions compared to artificial UVB exposure of hands and face. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 1817-1824. Davey T, Lanham-New SA, Shaw AM, Hale B, Cobley R, Berry JL, Roch M, Allsopp AJ & Fallowfield JL (2016) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during Royal Marine recruit training. Osteoporos Int 27, 171-179. De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Lombardo LK & Pena-Rosas JP (2016) Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD008873. de Boer IH, Levin G, Robinson-Cohen C, Biggs ML, Hoofnagle AN, Siscovick DS & Kestenbaum B (2012) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk for major clinical disease events in a community-based population of older adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 156, 627-634. de Brito Junior RB, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Trevilatto PC, de Souza AP & Barros SP (2004) Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 75, 1090-1095. de la Hunty A, Wallace AM, Gibson S, Viljakainen H, Lamberg-Allardt C & Ashwell M (2010) UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Consensus Report: the choice of method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D to estimate vitamin D status for the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr 104, 612-619. DeLuca HF (1974) Vitamin D: the vitamin and the hormone. Fed Proc 33, 2211-2219. DeLuca HF (2004) Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 1689S-1696S. DeLuca HF (2008) Evolution of our understanding of vitamin D. Nutr Rev 66, S73-87. Delvin EE, Salle BL, Glorieux FH, Adeleine P & David LS (1986) Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J Pediatr 109, 328-334. Deng H, Liu F, Pan Y, Jin X, Wang H & Cao J (2011) BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and periodontitis: a meta-analysis of 15 studies including 1338 cases and 1302 controls. J Clin Periodontol 38, 199-207. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, Helms PJ, Seaton A & Weiss ST (2007) Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 853-859. DH (Department of Health) (1991) Dietary Reference Values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report on Health and Social Subjects 41, London: HMSO. DH (Department of Health) (1998) Nutrition and Bone health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D. Report on the Subgroup on Bone Health, Working Group on the Nutritional Status of the Population of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy. Report on Health and Social Subjects 49, London: TSO. DHSS (Department of Health and Social Services) (1988) Present day practice in Infant Feeding: Third Report; report on Health and Social Subjects 32. Report on a Working Party of the Panel of Child Nutrition; Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, London: HMSO. Dick JL (1916) The Teeth in Rickets. Proc R Soc Med 9, 83-91. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson-Hughes B & Bischoff-Ferrari HA (2004) Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 108-113. Dietrich T, Nunn M, Dawson-Hughes B & Bischoff-Ferrari HA (2005) Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 82, 575-580. 149
Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seasonal variation of vitamin D due to sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 162, 1342- 1348. Dror DK (2011) Vitamin D status during pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and postnatal outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 23, 422-426. Dror DK, King JC, Fung EB, Van Loan MD, Gertz ER & Allen LH (2012) Evidence of associations between fetomaternal vitamin D status, cord parathyroid hormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and newborn whole body bone mineral content. Nutrients 4, 68-77. Du X, Zhu K, Trube A, Zhang Q, Ma G, Hu X, Fraser DR & Greenfield H (2004) School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. Br J Nutr 92, 159- 168. Dubnov-Raz G, Rinat B, Hemila H, Choleva L, Cohen AH & Constantini NW (2015) Vitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Exerc Sci 27, 113-119. Dueland S, Pedersen JI, Helgerud P & Drevon CA (1983) Absorption, distribution, and transport of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Am J Physiol 245, E463-467. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2012) EFSA panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Nabulsi M, Tamim H, Maalouf J, Salamoun M, Khalife H, Choucair M, Arabi A & Vieth R (2006) Effect of vitamin D replacement on musculoskeletal parameters in school children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 405-412. Ensrud KE, Taylor BC, Paudel ML, Cauley JA, Cawthon PM, Cummings SR, Fink HA, Barrett-Connor E, Zmuda JM, et al. (2009) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and rate of hip bone loss in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 2773-2780. Eriksen EF, Axelrod DW & Melsen F (1994) Bone Histomorphometry, New York: Raven Press. EVM (Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals) (2003) Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals, London: Food Standards Agency. Farrar MD, Kift R, Felton SJ, Berry JL, Durkin MT, Allan D, Vail A, Webb AR & Rhodes LE (2011) Recommended summer sunlight exposure amounts fail to produce sufficient vitamin D status in UK adults of South Asian origin. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1219-1224. Farrar MD, Webb AR, Kift R, Durkin MT, Allan D, Herbert A, Berry JL & Rhodes LE (2013) Efficacy of a dose range of simulated sunlight exposures in raising vitamin D status in South Asian adults: implications for targeted guidance on sun exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 1210-1216. Faulkner RA, McCulloch RG, Fyke SL, De Coteau WE, McKay HA, Bailey DA, Houston CS & Wilkinson AA (1995) Comparison of areal and estimated volumetric bone mineral density values between older men and women. Osteoporos Int 5, 271-275. Faupel-Badger JM, Diaw L, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Woodson K & Tangrea JA (2007) Lack of association between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16, 2784-2786. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2009) Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Food Labeling Regulations. Fedirko V, Duarte-Salles T, Bamia C, Trichopoulou A, Aleksandrova K, Trichopoulos D, Trepo E, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, et al. (2014) Prediagnostic circulating vitamin D levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in European populations: a nested case-control study. Hepatology 60, 1222-1230. Feldman D, Pike JW & Glorieux FH (2005) Vitamin D. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. 150
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
Page 113 and 114: factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
Page 115 and 116: As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
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Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
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Table 24: Prospective studies on as
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Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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