Vitamin D and Health

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Reid D, Toole BJ, Knox S, Talwar D, Harten J, O'Reilly DS, Blackwell S, Kinsella J, McMillan DC, et al. (2011) The relation between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations after elective knee arthroplasty. Am J Clin Nutr 93, 1006-1011. Reid IR, Bolland MJ & Grey A (2014) Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 383, 146-155. Rhodes LE, Webb AR, Fraser HI, Kift R, Durkin MT, Allan D, O'Brien SJ, Vail A & Berry JL (2010) Recommended summer sunlight exposure levels can produce sufficient (> or ng ml(-1)) but not the proposed optimal (> or =32 ng ml(-1)) 25(OH)D levels at UK latitudes. J Invest Dermatol 130, 1411-1418. Riggs BL, Khosla S & Melton LJ 3rd (2002) Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr Rev 23, 279-302. Robinson-Cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, Sachs MC, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS, Kestenbaum BR & de Boer IH (2013) Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events. JAMA 310, 179-188. Robinson CJ, Alanis MC, Wagner CL, Hollis BW & Johnson DD (2010) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203, 366 e361-366. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY & Kim RY (2006) Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 355, 1419-1431. Rosenstreich SJ, Rich C & Volwiler W (1971) Deposition in and release of vitamin D3 from body fat: evidence for a storage site in the rat. J Clin Invest 50, 679-687. Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ, Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, Mueller PS, Newsome DA & Wehr TA (1984) Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41, 72-80. Rossom RC, Espeland MA, Manson JE, Dysken MW, Johnson KC, Lane DS, LeBlanc ES, Lederle FA, Masaki KH, et al. (2012) Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and cognitive impairment in the women's health initiative. J Am Geriatr Soc 60, 2197-2205. Rostand SG (1997) Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension 30, 150-156. Rothers J, Wright AL, Stern DA, Halonen M & Camargo CA, Jr. (2011) Cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with aeroallergen sensitization in children from Tucson, Arizona. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128, 1093-1099 e1091-1095. Rouzi AA, Al-Sibiani SA, Al-Senani NS, Radaddi RM & Ardawi MS (2012) Independent predictors of all osteoporosis-related fractures among healthy Saudi postmenopausal women: the CEOR Study. Bone 50, 713- 722. Saadi HF, Dawodu A, Afandi B, Zayed R, Benedict S, Nagelkerke N & Hollis BW (2009) Effect of combined maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed infants. Matern Child Nutr 5, 25-32. SACN (Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition) (2007) Update on vitamin D: position statement by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, London: TSO. Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nystrom M, Stenlund H, Wadell G & Sundstrom P (2012) Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79, 2140-2145. Sambrook PN, Chen CJ, March L, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Simpson JM & Seibel MJ (2006) High bone turnover is an independent predictor of mortality in the frail elderly. J Bone Miner Res 21, 549-555. Sambrook PN, Chen JS, March LM, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Schwarz J & Seibel MJ (2004) Serum parathyroid hormone is associated with increased mortality independent of 25-hydroxy vitamin D status, 165
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
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factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
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As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
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7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
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years) compared to the placebo grou
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children (n=179) received weekly do
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8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
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Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
Page 215 and 216: Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
Page 217 and 218: Table 24: Prospective studies on as
Page 219 and 220: Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
Page 221 and 222: Table 27: Prospective studies on as
Page 223 and 224: Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
Page 225 and 226: Study Methods Results Author conclu
Page 227 and 228: NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
Page 229 and 230: Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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