Vitamin D and Health

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Tizaoui K, Kaabachi W, Hamzaoui A & Hamzaoui K (2015) Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cell Mol Immunol 12, 243-252. Toda T, Leszczynski DE & Kummerow FA (1983) The role of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in the induction of atherosclerosis in swine and rabbit by hypervitaminosis D. Acta Pathol Jpn 33, 37-44. Toda T, Toda Y & Kummerow FA (1985) Coronary arterial lesions in piglets from sows fed moderate excesses of vitamin D. Tohoku J Exp Med 145, 303-310. Tolppanen AM, Sayers A, Granell R, Fraser WD, Henderson J & Lawlor DA (2013) Prospective association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 with childhood lung function, asthma, wheezing, and flexural dermatitis. Epidemiology 24, 310-319. Tomlinson PB, Joseph C & Angioi M (2015) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 18, 575-580. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, Smith CP, Bucca G, Penson S, Chope G, Hypponen E, Berry J, et al. (2012) Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 1357-1364. Trivedi DP, Doll R & Khaw KT (2003) Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 326, 469. Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M, Lumme S, Jellum E, Hallmans G, Stattin P, Harvei S, Hakulinen T, et al. (2004) Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 108, 104-108. Tzotzas T, Papadopoulou FG, Tziomalos K, Karras S, Gastaris K, Perros P & Krassas GE (2010) Rising serum 25- hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 4251-4257. Urashima M, Mezawa H, Noya M & Camargo CA Jr (2014) Effects of vitamin D supplements on influenza A illness during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 5, 2365-2370. Valipour G, Saneei P & Esmaillzadeh A (2014) Serum vitamin D levels in relation to schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, 3863-3872. van Ballegooijen AJ, Reinders I, Visser M & Brouwer IA (2013) Parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular disease events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am Heart J 165, 655-664, 664 e651-655. van der Pols JC, Russell A, Bauer U, Neale RE, Kimlin MG & Green AC (2013) Vitamin D status and skin cancer risk independent of time outdoors: 11-year prospective study in an Australian community. J Invest Dermatol 133, 637-641. van der Schaft J, Koek HL, Dijkstra E, Verhaar HJ, van der Schouw YT & Emmelot-Vonk MH (2013) The association between vitamin D and cognition: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 12, 1013-1023. van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, de Groot LC, Haller J, Moreiras O & van Staveren WA (1995) Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 346, 207-210. van Driel M, Koedam M, Buurman CJ, Hewison M, Chiba H, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA & van Leeuwen JP (2006) Evidence for auto/paracrine actions of vitamin D in bone: 1alpha-hydroxylase expression and activity in human bone cells. FASEB J 20, 2417-2419. Van Lente F (2000) Markers of inflammation as predictors in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 293, 31- 52. 169
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
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factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
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As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
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7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
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years) compared to the placebo grou
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children (n=179) received weekly do
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8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
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Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
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9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
Page 215 and 216: Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
Page 217 and 218: Table 24: Prospective studies on as
Page 219 and 220: Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
Page 221 and 222: Table 27: Prospective studies on as
Page 223 and 224: Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
Page 225 and 226: Study Methods Results Author conclu
Page 227 and 228: NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
Page 229 and 230: Table 32: Intervention studies on e
Page 231 and 232: Table 36: Observational studies on
Page 233 and 234: Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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