Vitamin D and Health

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Hollis BW & Wagner CL (2004) Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 1752S-1758S. Holmlund-Suila E, Viljakainen H, Hytinantti T, Lamberg-Allardt C, Andersson S & Makitie O (2012) High-dose vitamin d intervention in infants--effects on vitamin d status, calcium homeostasis, and bone strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97, 4139-4147. Hoogendijk WJ, Lips P, Dik MG, Deeg DJ, Beekman AT & Penninx BW (2008) Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65, 508-512. Houghton LA & Vieth R (2006) The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 84, 694-697. Houston DK, Tooze JA, Davis CC, Chaves PH, Hirsch CH, Robbins JA, Arnold AM, Newman AB & Kritchevsky SB (2011) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical function in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study All Stars. J Am Geriatr Soc 59, 1793-1801. Houston DK, Tooze JA, Neiberg RH, Hausman DB, Johnson MA, Cauley JA, Bauer DC, Cawthon PM, Shea MK, et al. (2012) 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and change in physical performance and strength in older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Am J Epidemiol 176, 1025-1034. Huang J & Xie ZF (2012) Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and multiple sclerosis risk: a metaanalysis of case-control studies. J Neurol Sci 313, 79-85. Huhtakangas JA, Olivera CJ, Bishop JE, Zanello LP & Norman AW (2004) The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1 alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol 18, 2660-2671. Hunter D, De Lange M, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Swaminathan R, Thakker RV & Spector TD (2001) Genetic contribution to bone metabolism, calcium excretion, and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation. J Bone Miner Res 16, 371-378. Hypponen E, Fararouei M, Sovio U, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Robertson C, Whittaker JC & Jarvelin MR (2011) High-dose vitamin D supplements are not associated with linear growth in a large Finnish cohort. J Nutr 141, 843-848. IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2011) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Islam MZ, Shamim AA, Viljakainen HT, Akhtaruzzaman M, Jehan AH, Khan HU, Al-Arif FA & Lamberg-Allardt C (2010) Effect of vitamin D, calcium and multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin D and bone status in Bangladeshi premenopausal garment factory workers with hypovitaminosis D: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. Br J Nutr 104, 241-247. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, et al. (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354, 669-683. Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, Chen TC, Holm IA, Kolodny JM, Fuleihan GE & Seely EW (1992) Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med 326, 1173-1177. Jahnsen J, Falch JA, Mowinckel P & Aadland E (2002) Vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 37, 192-199. Japelt RB & Jakobsen J (2013) Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 4, 136. 155
Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM & Cooper C (2006) Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet 367, 36-43. Jeans PC & Stearns G (1938) The effect of vitamin D on linear growth in infancy. The Journal of Pediatrics 13, 730-740. Jia X, Aucott LS & McNeill G (2007) Nutritional status and subsequent all-cause mortality in men and women aged 75 years or over living in the community. Br J Nutr 98, 593-599. Jimenez M, Giovannucci E, Krall Kaye E, Joshipura KJ & Dietrich T (2014) Predicted vitamin D status and incidence of tooth loss and periodontitis. Public Health Nutr 17, 844-852. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ & Martineau AR (2013) Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 136, 321-329. Jones AP, Palmer D, Zhang G & Prescott SL (2012) Cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and allergic disease during infancy. Pediatrics 130, e1128-1135. Jones G (2008) Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 582S-586S. Jones G, Strugnell SA & DeLuca HF (1998) Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 78, 1193-1231. Jovanovich AJ, Ginde AA, Holmen J, Jablonski K, Allyn RL, Kendrick J & Chonchol M (2014) Vitamin D level and risk of community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis. Nutrients 6, 2196-2205. Kalyani RR, Stein B, Valiyil R, Manno R, Maynard JW & Crews DC (2010) Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 58, 1299-1310. Karakas M, Thorand B, Zierer A, Huth C, Meisinger C, Roden M, Rottbauer W, Peters A, Koenig W, et al. (2013) Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in women: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg case-cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98, 272-280. Karkkainen M, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, Sandini L, Rikkonen T, Sirola J, Honkanen R, Jurvelin J, Alhava E, et al. (2010) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in women aged 65-71 years: a 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Osteoporos Int 21, 2047-2055. Kaufmann M, Gallagher JC, Peacock M, Schlingmann KP, Konrad M, DeLuca HF, Sigueiro R, Lopez B, Mourino A, et al. (2014) Clinical utility of simultaneous quantitation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25- dihydroxyvitamin D by LC-MS/MS involving derivatization with DMEQ-TAD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, 2567- 2574. Kazantzidis A, Smedley A, Kift R, Rimmer J, Berry JL, Rhodes LE & Webb AR (2015) A modeling approach to determine how much UV radiation is available across the UK and Ireland for health risk and benefit studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14, 1073-1081. Kellett J, James W & Moskovitz R (1978) Seasonality in Schizophrenia. The Lancet 311, 664. Keum N & Giovannucci E (2014) Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 111, 976-980. Khadilkar AV, Sayyad MG, Sanwalka NJ, Bhandari DR, Naik S, Khadilkar VV & Mughal MZ (2010) Vitamin D supplementation and bone mass accrual in underprivileged adolescent Indian girls. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19, 465-472. Kift R, Berry JL, Vail A, Durkin MT, Rhodes LE & Webb AR (2013) Lifestyle factors including less cutaneous sun exposure contribute to starkly lower vitamin D levels in U.K. South Asians compared with the white population. Br J Dermatol 169, 1272-1278. 156
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
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(300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
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serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
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linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
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factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
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As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
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7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157 and 158: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 159 and 160: Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (19
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
Page 209 and 210: Children and adolescents Table 11:
Page 211 and 212: Table 13: Intervention studies on e
Page 213 and 214: Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
Page 215 and 216: Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
Page 217 and 218: Table 24: Prospective studies on as
Page 219 and 220: Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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