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Standards, Specifications and Codes of Practice 317 preparation. Further, it has been explained that the provisions of standards are subject to and often supportive of the overriding requirements of both British and European laws. As no part of modern life remains untouched by standards, it follows that all sections of the community have a self interest in participating in their development.
CHAPTER 13 Distribution Transformers G.P. Harvey, CEng, MIEE Revised by K. Frewin, CEng, MIEE (Power Engineering Services) Power distribution throughout most of the world, before the final consumer voltage, is at voltages usually between 10 and 13.8kV, and although some old systems of 5.0, 5.5 and 6.6kV still remain, these are rapidly being replaced with a higher voltage on economic grounds. The declared no-load voltage of the low voltage distribution network in Great Britain has been subject to harmonisation with the European Union, and was redeclared as 230V phase to neutral, +10% and -6% on 1 January 1995, and is likely to be revised in the year 2008 to 230V ±10%. Oil-immersed distribution transformers, for use by British electricity supply authorities, are usually designed to comply with Electricity Supply Industry Standard 35–1. This specification covers ratings from 16kVA to 1000kVA, but ratings of up to 2500kVA are not uncommon. Distribution transformers may be suitable for ground mounting, or pole mounting in rural electrification schemes. The rating of pole-mounted designs is limited by weight considerations, but units of up to 315kVA have been supplied for use by Electricity Distributors. In order to retain simplicity of design, the majority of liquid-immersed distribution transformers are naturally cooled. Forced air cooling, when required, is applied to liquid-immersed transformers having ratings in excess of 5000kVA and occasionally to dry-type transformers, particularly resin encapsulated types. It is possible to increase the ratings of certain dry-type transformers by up to 50% by the application of forced air cooling. For transformers supplying loads which have occasional peaks, this type of design can offer advantages in both cost and physical size. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER All transformers covered by this chapter should comply with the requirements of BS EN 60076, which is equivalent to IEC 76: 1976, for liquid-immersed types and IEC 726: 1982 for dry types. The British Standard defines a transformer as a static piece of apparatus which by electromagnetic induction transforms alternating voltage and current between two or more windings at the same frequency and usually at different values of voltage and current. 318
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HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a
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vi Contents System operation 79 Ide
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viii Contents Training and systems
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x Contents 18 Lighting 475 h.r. kin
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Preface My first task as editor is
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 4 Cable Manage
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CHAPTER 5 Electricity on Constructi
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CHAPTER 6 Standby Power Supplies D.
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 7 Ground Earth
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 8 Cathodic Pro
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CHAPTER 10 Special Installations or
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Table 14.1 (contd) 374 Handbook of
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CHAPTER 15 Rotating Machines D.B. M
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CHAPTER 19 Mains Cables G.A. Bowie,
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APPENDIX I Main Authoritative Docum
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670 Index oil, 364, 366 oil filling
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672 Index earthing, 234 earth termi
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674 Index swimming pools, 252 switc
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