Handbook of Electrical Installation Practice - BeKnowledge

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Table 18.1 Basic characteristics of discharge lamps. Lumens per watt Colour Colour Power range Average life Lamp type (initial) appearance rendering (W) (h) Mercury 50 Bluish white Poor 50–1000 16000–24000 Metal halide 80 White Very good 70–250 6000 double ended compact Metal halide 80 White Very good 750–2000 6000 double ended Metal halide 80 White Very good 35–150 6000 single ended compact Lighting 481 Metal halide 80 White Very good 70–1000 14000 eliptical coated Metal halide 85 White Very good 70–1000 6000 tubular clear (horz mounted) Low-pressure sodium 140 Orange None 18–180 16000 Low-pressure sodium 180 Orange None 26–131 16000 economy High-pressure sodium 96 Yellow Very poor 50–1000 24000 High-pressure sodium 100 Yellow Very poor 50–600 24000 increased output High-pressure sodium 90 Golden Good 150–400 12000–16000 improved colour
482 Handbook of Electrical Installation Practice restored. High-pressure sodium lamps recover a great deal more quickly than other types. Fluorescent tubes A fluorescent tube is a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp. At this pressure, the mercury arc emits very little visible light and a considerable amount of UV radiation in two distinct wavebands, one in the harmless near-visible region and the other in the shorter-wave therapeutic area. This emission is used to excite fluorescence in the phosphors coating the inner surface of the tube, which may be typically up to 2400mm long and 38mm (T12) or 26mm (T8) in diameter according to the power rating. Recently a new range of lamps (T5s in ratings from 14–54W) have been introduced.These operate only from special electronic control gear and are slimmer than standard tubes (16mm). Lamp efficacy is much improved. Data for the majority of types of tube are shown in Table 18.2. Two recent developments are the introduction of high efficacy fluorescent tubes utilising the rare earths developed for colour television as well as the conventional halophosphates, and krypton gas to facilitate starting. Because the light from the phosphors is produced mainly in the three areas of the spectrum, blue, red and green, which combine to give the effect of white light, instead of having a virtually continuous spectrum like the conventional type of tube, they may occasionally give rise to the effect of ‘metametric mismatching’ of colours. In situations where accurate colour-matching is essential, therefore, the standard halophosphate tubes should be used. In 1981 compact fluorescent lamps, such as GE’s 2D and Philip’s PL and SL, were introduced as an energy-saving replacement for the gls lamp. The 2D lamp is a 520mm long by 13mm outside diameter tube bent into a tight, double ‘D’ shape and supported by a central mounting plate which incorporates the starter. Consuming only 21 circuit watts, the 16W 2D lamp has a light output approaching that of a 75W lamp, but saves around 70% of the energy. Substantial savings are possible, especially where lights are in continuous use. But energy saving is not its only feature. It has a life ten times longer than a filament lamp, is comparatively cool running and is similar in colour appearance to an incandescent lamp (Table 18.3). Improvements are growing all the time and while breaking away from the 2D shape, but still utilising the principle, two limb, four limb and six limb lamps are available in ratings from 5W to 55W.They have become a compact alterative to conventional linear fluorescent tubes. Induction principle An induction lamp is somewhat like a fluorescent. It contains a low pressure of mercury which, when excited, radiates UV, which in turn is absorbed by a phosphor coating and reradiated as visible light. However, the induction lamp has no electrodes and the discharge is created by a magnetic field generated externally to the bulb. Lamp life can be 60000 hours and the lamps operate at high frequency so there
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HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
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© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a
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vi Contents System operation 79 Ide
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viii Contents Training and systems
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x Contents 18 Lighting 475 h.r. kin
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Preface My first task as editor is
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10 Handbook of Electrical Installat
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 4 Cable Manage
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CHAPTER 5 Electricity on Constructi
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CHAPTER 6 Standby Power Supplies D.
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 7 Ground Earth
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 8 Cathodic Pro
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CHAPTER 10 Special Installations or
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CHAPTER 12 Standards, Specification
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CHAPTER 13 Distribution Transformer
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DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 14 Switchgear A
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Table 14.1 (contd) 374 Handbook of
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CHAPTER 15 Rotating Machines D.B. M
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APPENDIX I Main Authoritative Docum
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670 Index oil, 364, 366 oil filling
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672 Index earthing, 234 earth termi
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674 Index swimming pools, 252 switc
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