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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon–Hadron Interaction 309 Figure 10.15: Form factor for the process e + e − → π + π − . The number of pions observed at a given energy 2E is normalized by division through the number of electron and muon pairs observed at the same energy and converted to a squared pion form factor. Unlike form factors in Chapter 6, this form factor is obtained in the time-like region in which the squared momentum transfer q 2 > 0. The energy 2E is that of the colliding beams. The inset shows the rapid drop at 2E close to 780 MeV due to interference of the ω and ρ mesons. The curves are theoretical calculations that include such interference effects. [From L. M. Barkov et al., Nucl. Phys. B256, 365 (1985).] Figure 10.16: Cross section for the process e + e − → K + K − . [From V. A. Sidorov (NOVOSI- BIRSK), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Electron and Photon Interactions, (D. W. Braben, ed.), Daresbury Nuclear Phys. Lab, 1969.]
310 The Electromagnetic Interaction Table 10.1: Vector Mesons. ηP is the parity and ηc the charge parity of the vector mesons. Rest Dominant Energy Width Decay Meson I J ηP ηc Y (MeV) (MeV) Mode ρ 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 770 153 ππ ω 0 0 1 −1 −1 0 783 10 π + π − π 0 φ 0 0 1 −1 −1 0 1020 4 KK peak was identified with the rho meson. Why does the rho turn up here? Before answering this question, two more experiments will be discussed to provide additional information. In Fig. 10.16, the cross section for the process e + e − → K + K − is shown as a function of the total energy 2E0 at energies near 1 GeV. Again a resonance peak appears but this time with a peak energy of about 1020 MeV and a width of about 4 MeV. The φ 0 meson has these two properties. Observation of the reaction e + e − → π + π − π 0 yields a peak at about 780 MeV (see inset of Fig. 10.15) with a width of about 10 MeV. These values point to the ω 0 . The virtual photon in the reaction e + e − → hadrons produces resonances at the positions of the ρ 0 , the ω 0 ,andtheφ 0 . To see what these three mesons have in common, we list their properties in Table 10.1. The three mesons in Table 10.1 satisfy the conditions set out above: They have spin J = 1, negative parity, negative charge parity, and strangeness 0. Since a vector has negative parity and the same number of independent components as a spin-1 particle, the mesons are called vector mesons. The rho has isospin1andisanisovector, whereas the two others are isoscalars. Figure 10.17: The transformation of a virtual photon into a vector meson gives rise to the resonances and their decays observed in colliding beam experiments. As pointed out in Section 8.6, after Eq. (8.30), the electric charge operator is composed of an isoscalar and the third component of an isovector. The photon, as carrier of the electromagnetic force, should have the same transformation properties, and it matches the vector mesons in their isospin properties. The diagrams for the production of the three vector mesons listed in Table 10.1 are given in Fig. 10.17.
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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Page 282 and 283: 9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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Page 286 and 287: 9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
Page 288 and 289: 9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
Page 290 and 291: 9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
Page 292 and 293: 9.9. References 271 • There are t
Page 294 and 295: 9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
Page 296 and 297: 9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
Page 298 and 299: 9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
Page 300 and 301: Part IV Interactions In the previou
Page 302 and 303: Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
Page 304 and 305: 10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
Page 306 and 307: 10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
Page 308 and 309: 10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
Page 310 and 311: 10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
Page 312 and 313: 10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
Page 314 and 315: 10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
Page 316 and 317: 10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
Page 318 and 319: 10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
Page 320 and 321: 10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
Page 322 and 323: 10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
Page 324 and 325: 10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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Page 328 and 329: 10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
Page 332 and 333: 10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
Page 334 and 335: 10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
Page 336 and 337: 10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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Page 344 and 345: 10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
Page 346 and 347: 10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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Page 352 and 353: Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
Page 354 and 355: 11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
Page 356 and 357: 11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
Page 358 and 359: 11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
Page 364 and 365: 11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
Page 366 and 367: 11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
Page 368 and 369: 11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
Page 370 and 371: 11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
Page 372 and 373: 11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
Page 374 and 375: 11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
Page 376 and 377: 11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
Page 378 and 379: 11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.6. The Interacting Boson Model 5
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18.7. Highly Excited States; Giant
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18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
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18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
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18.9. References 571 J. S. Vaagen,
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18.9. References 573 18.13. Verify
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18.9. References 575 18.33. Conside
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18.9. References 577 18.51. (a) In
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Chapter 19 Nuclear and Particle Ast
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19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
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19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
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19.2. Primordial Nucleosynthesis 58
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19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
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19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
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19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
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19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
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19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
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19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
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19.8. References 603 baryon excess
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19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
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19.8. References 607 (a) What is th
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Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
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Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
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Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
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Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
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Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
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Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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