Subatomic Physics

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Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagnetic, see Electromagnetic interaction gauge bosons, 94–97 strong, see Strong interaction vertices, 279 weak, see Weak interaction Intermediate boson, see Boson, W and Z Intrinsic parity, 243–247 Invariance, 195 under gauge transf., see Gauge under space reflection, 239 under spacial rotations, 195 under time translations, 195 Invariant mass, 90 Ionization chamber, 59 minimum, 42 Ionization region, 46 IPM Independent particle model, 501 Irrotational fluid rotator, 550 Isobaric analog states, 233, 535–537, 541 Isobaric spin, see Isospin Isobars, 107 nucleon, 124 Isomer, 541 Isomerism islands, 541 Isoscalar, 310 Isospin, 221, 225–235 doublets, 235 multiplet, 229 of nuclei, 232 of nucleons, 225 of particles, 228 of pion, 229 origin of symmetry, 494 quartets, 235 singlets, 234 triplet, 235 weak, 404–408 Isotones, 106 Isotopes, 106 Isovector, 310 Jet, 455 quenching, 514 jj coupling, 533 J/ψ resonance, 216, 314 Kaon, 108, 214 charge radius, 160 isospin, 230 K0 1 and K0 2 decays, 265 mass splitting, 267 oscillations, 263–268 Klein–Gordon equation, 395–398, 433, 434, 443, 444 KNO scaling, 447 Kurie plot, 334, 335, 376 Laboratory frame, 29–31 Laguerre function, 486 Lambda particle, 7, 8, 102, 107, 108, 112, 133, 207, 211, 212, 214, 300, 301, 327, 344, 377, 381, 568, 576, 577 quark content, 215 strangeness of, 213 Large Hadron Collider, 18 Lattice QCD, 422 Leptogenesis, 602–603 Lepton, 93, 97–98, 114, 135, 207, 215, 216 number conservation, 208–214, 219 point particles, 147–153 Level separation, 124–128 Level width, 98–102, 119–121, 124, 127, 132 LHC, 18 Lifetime, see Half life Linac, see Linear accelerator Linear accelerators, 20–21 Liquid drop model, 501–505 Lithium in stars, 588 Local gauge invariance, 290 Lorentz force, 22, 326 invariant hamiltonian, 341 scalar, 6 transformation, 4, 5, 30 LS coupling , 533 Luminosity, 16–18 Magic numbers, 521–524, 543, 545 Magnet, 18, 33, 35 dipole, 22, 25 quadrupole, 25 quarupole, 24 superconducting, 24, 31, 32 Magnetic field, 22, 25, 26, 31, 35, 139, 149– 151, 205, 586, 597, 601 symmetry breaking, 223–224 Magnetic moments, 84, 152, 156 anomalous, 148, 154 electron, 139, 147, 153 muon, 150 of nuclei, 146 proton, 153, 155, 192 Magnetic monopoles, 323–324 Magnetic transition, 301 Magnetization density, 146 distribution of, 146 Magneton Bohr, 86, 147
614 Index nuclear, 86 Majorana neutrinos, 365–366 Mass, 502 and spin, 79 excess, 502, 504, 516, 517 formula, 503, 515, 516 measurements, 87–92, 502 missing, 131 nuclear, 502 number, 106, 503 rest, 79 spectroscopy, 88 splitting, 267, 268 total, 502 unit (atomic), 88, 502 Masses of hadrons quark model, 480–482 Matter distribution, 147 Maxwell equations, 292, 323, 326, 384–386 Maxwell–Boltzman distribution, 607 Mean free path, 41, 48, 50, 601 Mean life, see Half life, 99 Mean-square radius, 142 of n and p, 159 Meson, 103–105 exchange, 422 from quarks, 215 models of, 471–499 theory of NN force, 442–445 vector, 279, 473, 475–478, 483, 491, 497, 499 as mediators, 307–310 Minimal electromagnetic interaction, 290 Minimum of ionization, 42 Miniumum-ionizing particles, 42 Molecules nuclear, 511 Möller scattering, 303–306 Moment of inertia, 549, 550 backbending, 567 irrotational fluid, 550 rigid rotator, 550 Monopole resonance, 509 Monopoles, 323–324, 459 Mössbauer effect, 129 Mott scattering, 136–139, 354 Multiplets displaced, 231 in isospin, 231 Multiplicity in inelastic collisions, 446 in RHIC, 514 Multipole radiation, 299–303 Muon, 5, 93, 94, 97, 105, 115, 118 decay, 343 magnetic moment, 150 mean life, 5 spin, 83 weak decay, 346–348 Muon pair production, 314 Muonic atoms, 191 x rays, 189 NaI, see Sodium iodide Neutral pseudoscalar meson exchange of, 443, 444 Neutral scalar meson exchange of, 443 Neutrino, 97 absorption, 361–362 anti-, 210 astronomy, 601–602 Dirac, 210, 365 helicity, 210 high energies, 366–374 Majorana, 365 massive, 363–366 mixing matrix, 363 oscillations, 363–365, 381 relic, 581 solar, 363, 604 spin, 83 Neutron, 49, 77, 90, 91, 102, 106, 108, 167, 186 capture, 585–592 charge distribution, 160 decay, 93, 117, 332 form factor, see Form factors isospin, see Isospin of nucleons mag. moment, 153, 192 number, 106, 107 parity, 244 quark content, 114, 154 rich nuclides, 107 size, 78 target, 124 Neutron drip line, 504 regime, 595 Neutron stars, 592–596 Neutron-halo nuclei, 538 Nilsson model, 544, 554–562 potential, 535 Non-abelian, 410, 451 Noncentral forces, 435 Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, 7 Nonresonant qq production, 315 Nuclear and particle spectroscopy, 122 Nuclear ground states, 105 Nuclear magnetons, see Magneton Nuclear matter, 509 Nuclear models, 501–577
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
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9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
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9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
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9.9. References 271 • There are t
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9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
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9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
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9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
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Part IV Interactions In the previou
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Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
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10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
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10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
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10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
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10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
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10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
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10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
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10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
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10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
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10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
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10.12. References 329 (a) How would
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Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
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11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
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11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
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11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
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11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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Page 592 and 593: 18.9. References 571 J. S. Vaagen,
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Page 600 and 601: Chapter 19 Nuclear and Particle Ast
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Page 604 and 605: 19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
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Page 608 and 609: 19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 614 and 615: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
Page 620 and 621: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
Page 622 and 623: 19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625: 19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627: 19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
Page 628 and 629: 19.8. References 607 (a) What is th
Page 630 and 631: Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
Page 632 and 633: Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
Page 636 and 637: Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
Page 638 and 639: Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
Page 640 and 641: Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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