Subatomic Physics

16.5. References 515
medium (i.e. short mean-free path, low viscosity.) The bars in Fig. 16.12 show
calculations that assume a fireball with zero viscosity. Although the agreement is
far from perfect, the fact that the medium is strongly coupled is well established.
Much remains to be understood about the properties of the matter that has
been observed at RHIC and its relationship to the early universe.
16.5 References
A derivation of the semiempirical mass formula based on a nucleon–nucleon interaction
is given in J. P. Wesley and A. E. S. Green, Am. J. Phys, 36, 1093 (1968).
An authoritative series of seven volumes on heavy ion physics is Treatise on
Heavy Ion Science, (D. A. Bromley, ed.) Plenum, New York, 1984.
Heavy Ion Reactions are reviewed in Nuclear Structure and Heavy Ion Dynamics,
Int. School E. Fermi, 1982, Varenna, (L. Moretto and R. A. Ricci, eds.) North-
Holland, New York, 1983. A conference on Heavy Ion Collisions, (Cargèse 1984)
(P. Bonche et al. eds.), Plenum Press, Elmsford, NY, 1984 reviews the subject
up to that time. Resonances in heavy ion reactions are found in T. M. Cormier,
Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 33, 271 (1983). Heavy ion molecular phenomena
are described in Heavy Ion Collisions, Nuclear Molecular Phenomena, (N. Cindro,
eds.) North-Holland, New York, 1978. Fusion at and below the Coulomb barrier is
described by S.G. Steadman and M.J. Rhoades–Brown, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part, Sci.
36, 649 (1986), by P. Frobrich, Phys. Rep. 116, 338 (1984), and by M. Beckerman,
Rep. Prog. Phys. 51, 1047 (1988). Higher energy heavy ion reactions are reviewed
by S. Nagamiya, J. Randrup, and T. J. M. Symons in Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.
34, 155 (1984). Shock compression is discussed by K–H. Kampart, J. Phys. G15,
691 (1989). Reaction mechanisms are reviewed in Heavy Ion Reaction Mechanisms,
(M. Martinet, C. Ngô, and F. LePage, eds.) Nucl. Phys. 428A, (1984). A useful
reference is the International School of High Energy Physic, 3d. Course, Probing
the Nuclear Paradigm with Heavy Ion Reactions, ed. R.A. Broglia, P. Kienle, and
P.F. Bortignon, World Scientific, Singapopre, 1994.
The equation of state is discussed by S.H. Kahana, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.
39, 231 (1989).
A nice introduction to RHIC and the connection with the early universe is given
in M. Riordan and W.A. Zajc, The First Few Microseconds, Sci. Amer. 294, 34
(2006); more details can be found in T. Ludlam, Nucl. Phys. A750, 9 (2005); B.
Müller, J.L. Nagle, Ann. Rev. Nucl. and Part. Sci. 56, 93 (2006). The four
collaborations from RHIC have recently presented summaries on their experiments
in Nucl. Phys. A757, 1-283(2005).
Problems
16.1. Estimate the magnitude of the correction that must be applied to Eq. (16.2)
in order to take into account atomic binding effects.