Subatomic Physics

74 Detectors
Springer, New York, NY, 1994; C. Leroy P.-G. Rancoita Principles of Radiation Interaction
in Matter and Detection, World Sci., Singapore, 2004; A.C. Melissinos, J.
Napolitano, Experiments in Modern Physics, 2nd edition, Academic Press, Elsevier,
(2003); Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics, (T. Ferbel, ed.), Addison-
Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, 1987; C. Grupen, Particle Detectors, Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge 1996; D. Green, The Physics of Particle Detectors, Cambridge
Univ.Press, Cambridge, 2000.
There exist many good books on the application of statistics to experiments:
P. Bevington, D.K. Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical
Sciences, McGraw-Hill, 2003; B.P. Roe, Probability and Statistics in Experimental
Physics, Springer-Verlag, NY, 2001; J.R. Taylor, An Introduction to Error
Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements, University Science
Books, 1997. Detailed treatments of statistical methods are given in D. Drijard,
W.T. Eadie, F.E. James, M.G.W. Roos, and B. Sadoulet, Statistical Methods in
Experimental Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1971; T. Tanaka, Methods of
Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002.
Various aspects of data gathering and evaluation are surveyed in Data Acquisition
in High-Energy Physics. (G. Gologna and M. Vincelli, eds.), North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1982.
Electronics is treated in a number of texts, for instance: P. Horowitz, W. Hill,
The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, 1989; J.J. Brophy, Basic electronics
for scientists, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
A recent review on all components of detectors for the LHC can be found in D.
Froidevaux, P. Sphicas, Annu. Rev. Nuc. Part. Sci. 56, 375 (2006).
Problems
4.1. ∗ Find the circuit diagram for a photomultiplier. Discuss the importance and
the choice of the components.
4.2. A proton with kinetic energy Ek impinges on a 5 cm thick plastic scintillator.
Sketch the light output as a function of Ek.
4.3. Three-MeV photons are counted by a 7 × 7cm 2 NaI(Tl) counter.
(a) Sketch the spectrum.
(b) Find the probability of observing the photon in the full-energy peak.
4.4. The 14 keV gamma rays from 57 Fe must be counted with a NaI(Tl) counter.
Higher-energy gamma rays are a nuisance. Find the optimum thickness of the
NaI(Tl) crystal.
4.5. Compute and draw the Poisson distribution for n =1andn = 100.