Subatomic Physics

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Index Abundance, 585–586 Accelerators, 11, 13–38 beam cooling, 32 beam optics, 22–24 colliding beams, 31 electrostatic, 18–20 kinematics, 29–31 linacs, 20–21 synchrotrons, 24–29 Van de Graaff, 18–20 Additive quantum numbers, 111 for quarks, 214–216 Age of universe, 582 Aharonov–Bohm effect, 386–388 α (Fine-structure constant), 152 α (Fine-structure constant), 69 Alpha particle, 92, 107 detection, 53 scattering, 106 Alpha-particle capture, 586 Angular momentum, 82, 195, 221–238 orbital, 80 Annihilation, 4 Annihilation term, 304 Anomalous magnetic moment, 148 Antiparticles, 97, 108–112 Antiunitary, 258, 271 Astrophysics, 579–608 Asymptotia, 447–451 Asymptotic freedom, 422 Atomic mass unit, 88 Atomic number, 106 Attenuation length, 48 Average charge of a multiplet, 231 Avogadro’s number, 18 Axial vectors, 240 Axions, 584 Backbending moment of inertia, 567 Background and Language, 1 Bag model, 490, 495, 499 Barn, 17 Baryon as quark bound states, 478–480 asymmetry, 584–585, 602–603 609 from quarks, 215 ground states, 105–108 models of, 471–499 number, 103, 106 number conservation, 206–208 Beam cooling, 32–33 Beam optics, 22–24 Beam storage, 32–33 Berry phase, 388 Beta decay, see Weak interaction double, 365 inverse, 361–362 lifetimes, 335–337 muon decay, 346–348 spectrum, 331–335 Bethe and Heitler photons from electrons, 48 Bethe equation for energy loss, 41 Bethe–Weizsäcker relation, 506–508, 516 Bhabba scattering, 303–306 Big bang, 580 Binding energy, 502 Black hole, 592, 594, 601 Black scatterer, 183 Blackness in high-energy collisions, 448 Bohr magneton, 86 Born approximation, 138 first, 136 Boson, 79, 84, 279 gauge, see Gauge boson W ± , 93, 117, 280, 338, 339, 341, 344, 355, 365, 388, 404, 410–414 Z, 93, 280, 344, 388, 404, 411, 412, 414 Bottonium, 493 Bound states, 119 Breathing mode, 509 Bremsstrahlung, 47, 69 Bubble chambers, 62–64 Cabibbo angle, 379 Callan–Gross relation, 170 Calorimeters, 69–70 Carbon burning, 590 Cascade, see Xi particle Center-of-Momentum frame, 29–31
610 Index ˘Cerenkov counters, 68–69 Charge conjugation, 108, 252–256, 263, 265, 270 Charge current density, 291 Charge distribution, 135 in spherical nuclei, 143–147 Charge independence, 224, 434 Charge independence, see Isospin Charge parity, 254 Charm, 215, 217 at SPEAR, 312 Charmonium, 491–493 Chew–Frautschi plot, 489 Chew-Low model, 431 Chiral perturbation theory, 456–458 Chiral symmetry, 453 Chirality, 353–354 CKM matrix, 356 Closed shells, 524–529 CNO cycle, 587 Cold dark matter, 584 Collective model, 543–567 Colliding beams, 18, 31, 306, 311–312 Color, 115, 316, 451–456 Complex energy, 120 Compressibility, see Incompressibility Compton effect, 45, 55 Compton scattering, 303 Compton wavelength, 14, 105, 298, 318 Confinement, 422, 452, 455, 493, 496 evidence for, 474–475 Conservation laws, 195 additive, 197–219 multiplicative, 239, 242 of electric charge, 195, 203–206 of flavor, 210 of lepton number, 339 of parity, see Symmetry Conserved current electromagnetic, 292 Conserved vector current, 337–342, 348–353, 360, 380 Constituent quark, see Quark Continuity equation, see Conserved current Continuous transformations, 200 Continuum, 119 Cooper pair, 523 Core polarization and rotations, 546 Coriolis force, 552, 566 Cosmic rays, 596–601 spectrum, 599 Cosmic-ray shower, 598 Cosmology, 579–586, 601–603 Coulomb barrier, 506, 509, 510, 515, 518, 586 energy, 291, 503, 506 excitation, 509 force, 334, 509 potential, 137 Counters, see Detectors Coupling constant, 279, 299 Fermi, 340 strong, 421–424, 431, 432, 453, 463 weak, 337–342, 346, 354–356, 360, 368, 458, 466 Coupling schemes, 533 Covariant derivatives, 384 CP symmetry, 263 CPT theorem, 269 Critical energy electrons in matter, 46 Cross section, 16–18 differential, 16 geometric, 423–425, 448 inclusive, 164 total, 17, 165 Current–current interaction, 292 Current-current interaction, 337–342, 346 CVC, see Conserved vector current D + , D 0 , D − mesons, 102 Dark matter, 584 cold, 584 hot, 584 Decays of particles, 98–102 Decimet, 479 Deconfinement, see Confinement, 511 Deep inelastic scattering, 164–166 neutrino, 344, 373 quark-parton model, 166–172 Deformation cigar-shaped nuclei, 545 nuclear, 544–547 permanent, 544, 559 prolate nuclei, 545 quadrupole, 560 spinless nuclei, 550 Degeneracy in h.o., 565 in rotations, 556 Degenerate gas of electrons, 593 Delta resonance, 428, 442, 462 Density of nuclear matter, 144 of nucleons, 144 Density of states, see Phase space Destruction of particles, 4 Detailed balance, 258 Detectors, 11, 53–76 bubble chambers, 62–64 calorimeters, 69–70 ˘Cerenkov, 68–69
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
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9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
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9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
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9.9. References 271 • There are t
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9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
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9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
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9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
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Part IV Interactions In the previou
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Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
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10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
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10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
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10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
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10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
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10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
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10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
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10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
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10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
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10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
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10.12. References 329 (a) How would
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Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
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11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
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11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
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11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
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11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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Page 584 and 585: 18.6. The Interacting Boson Model 5
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Page 588 and 589: 18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
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Page 608 and 609: 19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 614 and 615: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
Page 620 and 621: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
Page 622 and 623: 19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625: 19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627: 19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
Page 628 and 629: 19.8. References 607 (a) What is th
Page 632 and 633: Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
Page 634 and 635: Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
Page 636 and 637: Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
Page 638 and 639: Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
Page 640 and 641: Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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