Subatomic Physics

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure 4.19: Tracks of particles through the CMS detector being constructed for the Large Hadron Collider. The longest (central) track corresponds to a muon, the shortest track that stops in the electromagnetic calorimeter is an electron, and hadrons stop in the hadron calorimeter. [Courtesy CMS collaboration.]
72 Detectors Figure 4.20: Logic elements in a counting system. Figure 4.21: Logic element. interesting enough to be recorded is used. This electronic trigger needs to be very fast and can be a very sophisticated electronic system. Decades ago, nuclear and particle physicists assembled their electronics from components, resistors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes (yes). Later, transistors made the electronics smaller, faster, and more reliable. Now integrated circuits of continuously increasing complexity have become the building blocks. Moreover, much of the instrumentation has been standardized and can be bought; several international standard for modular instrumentation (CAMAC, VME) exist. Setting up a detector electronics system is usually straightforward because many standardized building blocks can be bought; the physicist selects and matches the proper components. We shall not discuss the building blocks here in detail. 4.12 Electronics: Logic As mentioned before electronic units do considerably more than just process the data from one counter. A simple example, shown in Fig. 4.20, is the stopping of muons in matter. Muons from an accelerator pass through two counters and Figure 4.22: Schematic representation of the main components of counter electronics.
Page 2 and 3:
SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
Page 4 and 5:
SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
Page 6 and 7:
To Elaine and Viviana
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgments In writing the pres
Page 10 and 11:
Preface to the First Edition Subato
Page 12 and 13:
Preface to the Third Edition Subato
Page 14 and 15:
General Bibliography The reader of
Page 16 and 17:
Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
Page 18 and 19:
Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
Page 20 and 21:
Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
Page 22 and 23:
Chapter 1 Background and Language H
Page 24 and 25:
1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
Page 26 and 27:
1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
Page 28 and 29:
1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
Page 30 and 31:
1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
Page 32 and 33:
Part I Tools One of the most frustr
Page 34 and 35:
Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
Page 36 and 37:
2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
Page 38 and 39:
2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
Page 40 and 41:
2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
Page 42 and 43: 2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
Page 44 and 45: 2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
Page 46 and 47: 2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
Page 48 and 49: 2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
Page 50 and 51: 2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
Page 52 and 53: 2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
Page 54 and 55: 2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
Page 56 and 57: 2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
Page 58 and 59: 2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
Page 62 and 63: 3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
Page 64 and 65: 3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
Page 66 and 67: 3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
Page 68 and 69: 3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
Page 70 and 71: 3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
Page 72 and 73: 3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
Page 76 and 77: 4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
Page 78 and 79: 4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
Page 80 and 81: 4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
Page 82 and 83: 4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
Page 84 and 85: 4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
Page 86 and 87: 4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
Page 88 and 89: 4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
Page 90 and 91: 4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
Page 94 and 95: 4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
Page 96 and 97: 4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
Page 98 and 99: Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
Page 102 and 103: 5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
Page 104 and 105: 5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
Page 106 and 107: 5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
Page 108 and 109: 5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
Page 110 and 111: 5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
Page 112 and 113: 5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
Page 114 and 115: 5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
Page 116 and 117: 5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
Page 118 and 119: 5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
Page 120 and 121: 5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
Page 122 and 123: 5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
Page 124 and 125: 5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
Page 126 and 127: 5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
Page 128 and 129: 5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
Page 130 and 131: 5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
Page 132 and 133: 5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
Page 134 and 135: 5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
Page 140 and 141: 5.12. Excited States and Resonances
Page 142 and 143:
5.12. Excited States and Resonances
Page 144 and 145:
5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
Page 152 and 153:
5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
Page 154 and 155:
5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
Page 156 and 157:
Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
Page 158 and 159:
6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
Page 160 and 161:
6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
Page 162 and 163:
6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
Page 164 and 165:
6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
Page 166 and 167:
6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
Page 168 and 169:
6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
Page 184 and 185:
6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
Page 186 and 187:
6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
Page 188 and 189:
6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
6.11. More Details on Scattering an
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
6.12. References 189 Some character
Page 212 and 213:
6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
Page 214 and 215:
6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
Page 216 and 217:
Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
Page 218 and 219:
Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
Page 220 and 221:
7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
Page 222 and 223:
7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
Page 224 and 225:
7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
Page 226 and 227:
7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
Page 228 and 229:
7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
Page 230 and 231:
7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
Page 232 and 233:
7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
Page 234 and 235:
7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
Page 236 and 237:
7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
Page 238 and 239:
7.7. References 217 There are also
Page 240 and 241:
7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
Page 244 and 245:
8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
Page 246 and 247:
8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
Page 248 and 249:
8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
Page 250 and 251:
8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
Page 252 and 253:
8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
Page 254 and 255:
8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
Page 256 and 257:
8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
Page 258 and 259:
8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
Page 260 and 261:
Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
Page 262 and 263:
9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
Page 264 and 265:
9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
Page 266 and 267:
9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
Page 268 and 269:
9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
Page 276 and 277:
9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
Page 278 and 279:
9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
Page 280 and 281:
9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
Page 282 and 283:
9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
Page 284 and 285:
9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
Page 286 and 287:
9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
Page 288 and 289:
9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
Page 290 and 291:
9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
Page 292 and 293:
9.9. References 271 • There are t
Page 294 and 295:
9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
Page 296 and 297:
9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
Page 298 and 299:
9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
Page 300 and 301:
Part IV Interactions In the previou
Page 302 and 303:
Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
Page 304 and 305:
10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
Page 306 and 307:
10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
Page 308 and 309:
10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
Page 310 and 311:
10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
Page 312 and 313:
10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
Page 314 and 315:
10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
Page 316 and 317:
10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
Page 318 and 319:
10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
Page 320 and 321:
10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
Page 322 and 323:
10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
Page 324 and 325:
10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
Page 326 and 327:
10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
Page 328 and 329:
10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
Page 330 and 331:
10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
Page 332 and 333:
10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
Page 334 and 335:
10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
Page 336 and 337:
10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
Page 338 and 339:
10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
Page 346 and 347:
10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
Page 348 and 349:
10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
Page 350 and 351:
10.12. References 329 (a) How would
Page 352 and 353:
Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
Page 354 and 355:
11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
Page 356 and 357:
11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
Page 358 and 359:
11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
Page 366 and 367:
11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
Page 368 and 369:
11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
Page 370 and 371:
11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
Page 372 and 373:
11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
Page 374 and 375:
11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
Page 376 and 377:
11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
Page 378 and 379:
11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
Page 380 and 381:
11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
Page 382 and 383:
11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
Page 384 and 385:
11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
Page 386 and 387:
11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
Page 388 and 389:
11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
Page 398 and 399:
11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
Page 400 and 401:
11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
Page 402 and 403:
11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
Page 404 and 405:
Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
Page 406 and 407:
12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
Page 408 and 409:
12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
Page 410 and 411:
12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
Page 412 and 413:
12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
Page 414 and 415:
12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
Page 424 and 425:
Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
Page 426 and 427:
13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
Page 428 and 429:
13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
Page 430 and 431:
13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
Page 438 and 439:
13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
Page 440 and 441:
13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
Page 442 and 443:
Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
Page 444 and 445:
14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
Page 446 and 447:
14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
Page 454 and 455:
14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
Page 456 and 457:
14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
Page 466 and 467:
14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
Page 480 and 481:
14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
Page 482 and 483:
14.11. References 461 and Partons,
Page 484 and 485:
14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
Page 486 and 487:
14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
Page 488 and 489:
14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
Page 490 and 491:
Part V Models “A model is like an
Page 492 and 493:
Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
Page 494 and 495:
15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
Page 496 and 497:
15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
Page 498 and 499:
15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
Page 500 and 501:
15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
Page 502 and 503:
15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
Page 504 and 505:
15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
Page 514 and 515:
15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
Page 516 and 517:
15.10. References 495 On a more adv
Page 518 and 519:
15.10. References 497 where J± = J
Page 520 and 521:
15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
Page 522 and 523:
Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
Page 524 and 525:
16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
Page 526 and 527:
16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
Page 528 and 529:
16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
Page 530 and 531:
E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
Page 532 and 533:
16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
Page 534 and 535:
16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
Page 536 and 537:
16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
Page 538 and 539:
16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
Page 540 and 541:
16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
Page 542 and 543:
Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
Page 544 and 545:
17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
Page 546 and 547:
17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
Page 548 and 549:
17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
Page 550 and 551:
17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
Page 552 and 553:
17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
Page 554 and 555:
17.5. Generalization of the Single-
Page 556 and 557:
17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
Page 558 and 559:
17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
Page 560 and 561:
17.8. References 539 An elementary
Page 562 and 563:
17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
Page 564 and 565:
Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
Page 566 and 567:
18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
Page 568 and 569:
18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
Page 570 and 571:
18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
Page 572 and 573:
18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
Page 574 and 575:
18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
Page 576 and 577:
18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
Page 578 and 579:
18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
Page 580 and 581:
18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
Page 582 and 583:
18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
Page 584 and 585:
18.6. The Interacting Boson Model 5
Page 586 and 587:
18.7. Highly Excited States; Giant
Page 588 and 589:
18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
Page 590 and 591:
18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
Page 592 and 593:
18.9. References 571 J. S. Vaagen,
Page 594 and 595:
18.9. References 573 18.13. Verify
Page 596 and 597:
18.9. References 575 18.33. Conside
Page 598 and 599:
18.9. References 577 18.51. (a) In
Page 600 and 601:
Chapter 19 Nuclear and Particle Ast
Page 602 and 603:
19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
Page 604 and 605:
19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
Page 606 and 607:
19.2. Primordial Nucleosynthesis 58
Page 608 and 609:
19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617:
19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619:
19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
Page 620 and 621:
19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
Page 622 and 623:
19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625:
19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627:
19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
Page 628 and 629:
19.8. References 607 (a) What is th
Page 630 and 631:
Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
Page 632 and 633:
Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
Page 634 and 635:
Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
Page 636 and 637:
Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
Page 638 and 639:
Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
Page 640 and 641:
Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
show all

Subatomic Physics

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?