Subatomic Physics

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Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear structure data, xiv Nuclei far from stability, 537–538 Nucleon isospin, see Isospin of nucleons Nucleon-nucleon interaction, 434–442 Nucleosynthesis primordial, 581, 585–586 stellar, 586–592 supernovae, 589 Nuclide, 106 Oblate, 436, 437 Observable, 197, 199, 200, 217 conserved, 199 Octet, 480 Omega vector meson, 442, 473, 477, 482 Ω − , see Omega particle ω 0 meson, see Omega vector meson Omega particle, 7, 207, 214, 219, 473, 481 (anti-)in dK + , 112 One-pion exchange potential, 441 Opacity in high-energy collisions, 448 Operator hermitian, 198, 277 observable, 200 transformation, 200 Operators antiunitary, 258, 271 Optical potential, 541 Optical theorem, 175, 180, 183 Orders of magnitude, 1 Oscillations, 260–268 neutral kaons, 263–268 Oscillator, see Harmonic oscillator OZI rule, 492 Pair production, 45 Pairing, 562 energy, 534 interaction, 523, 534, 538 Parameters in signal processing, 70 Parity, 239–243 breakdown, 247–252 conservation by electromagnetic int., 248 conservation by strong int., 248 intrinsic, 243–247 of antiboson, 246 operation, 239 tau and theta particles, 249 Particle structure and charge distribution, 290 Particles and nuclei, 77 Particles properties baryons, 105–108 excited states, 122 charge, 84 decays, 98–102 excited states, 118 fermions and bosons, 79 Gauge bosons, 112 leptons, 97–98 magnetic dipole moment, 84–87 mass and spin, 79–83 mesons, 103–105 quarks and gluons, 112 Partons, 165 Passage of radiation through matter, 39–52 Pauli exclusion principle, 83, 96, 534, 595 PDG Particle Data Group, xiii Phase space, 122, 286–289, 338, 377 spectrum, 91 Phi meson, 310, 473, 477, 482 φ 0 meson, see Phi meson Phonons, 561 Photino, 459 Photoelectric effect, 45, 55 Photomultiplier, 55, 56, 58 Photon, 94, 384, 400, 581, 585, 594, 598 absorption, 39–52 angular momentum of, 95 as gauge particle, 386 bare, 320 emission, 292–299 hadronization, 317–323 helicity, 97, 210 in early universe, 581 loss in matter, 45 polarization, 298 solar age of, 601 spin, 83 spin of, 95 virtual, 104, 148 Photon-exchange term, 304 Pion, 7, 9, 77, 78, 83, 90, 91, 102, 103, 105, 107, 115, 118, 126, 130, 133, 150, 154, 189, 192, 210, 212, 214, 279, 307, 309, 316, 318, 473, 477, 478, 490, 494, 511, 594, 598, 607 charge exchange, 569 charge radius, 160 decay, 347, 377 exchange of, 443 isospin, 229 parity, 243, 244 photoproduction, 426 virtual, 159 Pion-nucleon interaction, 236, 421, 425, 430 Pion-pion interaction, 421
616 Index Pionic atom, 243 Planck length, 460 Planck mass, 458 Planck time, 580 Plasma, 581, 586, 608 quark-gluon, see Quark-gluon plasma PMNS matrix, see Neutrino, mixing matrix Poisson-like distributions at high energies, 447 Polarization, 96, 97 of CMBR, 582 Pomeranchuk theorem, 448 Positron, 108–112, 303, 305, 308, 311, 317, 454, 483, 597, 599 Positronium, 104, 483, 493 Potential Coulomb, see Coulomb deformed, 535, 554 in q.m., see Aharonov–Bohm Mexican hat, 396 optical, 541 Power spectrum of CMBR, 583 pp cycle and solar energy, 587 Profile function, 180–184 Prolate, 436, 437, 545, 576 Proton, 7, 9, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 26, 29–31, 35, 50, 64, 79, 102, 106–108, 122, 123, 133, 545–547, 557, 562, 581, 587, 591 Anti-, 33, 112 capture, 585, 591 cosmic ray, 597 energy loss of, 42 excited state, 124 lifetime, 208, 458 linac, 21 magnetic moment, 153, 155, 192 parity, 243, 244 quark content, 114 size, 78 see Form factor, 140 Proton drip line, 504 Pseudoscalar, 244, 250, 425, 430, 443–445, 473, 476, 482, 483, 497, 499 Psi, see J/ψ Pulsar, 596, 601 QCD, 421, 451–456 low energy, 456–458 on the lattice, 456–458 quark models, 483–490 quenched calculations, 457 QED, 453 Quadrupole moment, 544 intrinsic, 550 observed, 550 reduced, 545 Quantum Chromodynamics, see QCD Quark, 78, 166, 472 basic properties, 112–118 Bottom, 216 bound states, mesons, 475–478 charm, 215 composition of mesons and baryons, 116, 471–499 confinement, 422 constituent, 475, 476, 478, 480, 482, 490, 494, 496 current, 490, 494 momentum distributions, 168 Strange, see Strange quark Top, see Top quark Quark model, 471–499 Quark-gluon plasma, 511 Quark-parton model, 166–172 Quartets, 235 Quasi-elastic peak, 161 Quintets, 235 R-process nucleosynthesis, 591 Radiation in matter, 39 charged particles, 41–45 electrons, 46–49 nuclear interactions, 49 photons, 45 Radiation length, 48 Radiation region, 47 Radioactive beams, 537 isotopes accelerators, 537 Radioactivity, 1 beta decay, see Beta decay Radius half density, 144 kaon, 160 mean square, 142, 159 nuclear, 142 nucleon, 154 pion, 160 root-mean-square, 144 Range, 1, 9, 40, 41, 44, 45, 49, 91, 434 extrapolated, 42, 46 straggling, 40 strong force, 104, 105, 132, 422, 434, 438, 439, 442, 444, 445, 463, 467, 475, 484, 488, 493, 496 Rare Isotope Accelerator, 21, 537 Redshifts, 579 Reduced wavelength, 95 Regeneration in oscillations, 267 Regge phenomenology, 496
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
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9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
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9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
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9.9. References 271 • There are t
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9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
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9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
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9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
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Part IV Interactions In the previou
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Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
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10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
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10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
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10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
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10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
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10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
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10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
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10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
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10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
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10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
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10.12. References 329 (a) How would
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Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
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11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
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11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
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11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
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11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.6. The Interacting Boson Model 5
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Page 588 and 589: 18.8. Nuclear Models—Concluding R
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Page 592 and 593: 18.9. References 571 J. S. Vaagen,
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Page 598 and 599: 18.9. References 577 18.51. (a) In
Page 600 and 601: Chapter 19 Nuclear and Particle Ast
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Page 604 and 605: 19.1. The Beginning of the Universe
Page 606 and 607: 19.2. Primordial Nucleosynthesis 58
Page 608 and 609: 19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 614 and 615: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
Page 620 and 621: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
Page 622 and 623: 19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625: 19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627: 19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
Page 628 and 629: 19.8. References 607 (a) What is th
Page 630 and 631: Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
Page 632 and 633: Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
Page 634 and 635: Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
Page 638 and 639: Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
Page 640 and 641: Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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