Subatomic Physics

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Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 489 trajectory, 489, 498, 574 Relativistic invariants, 164 scalars, 164 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions, 511–515 Relativity, 3–4, 103 basic equations, 4–8 photon spin and, 96 Relic neutrinos, 581 Repulsion, 442 Repulsive core, 595 Residual interaction, 522, 534, 535, 562, 564, 565 Resonances, 118 J/ψ, 314 3–3 resonance, 428 delta, 128 excited nucleons, 427 Gamow–Teller, 565 giant, 564–567 giant dipole, 564 isobaric analog, 535–537 isovector dipole, 564 J/ψ, 216 octupole, 564 quadrupole, 564 Upsilon, 216 widths, 121 Rest energy, 4, 14 RHIC, 21, 511 ρ meson, see Rho meson Rho meson, 90, 279, 309, 310, 318, 477, 482 Rigid rotator, 550 Root-mean-square radius, 144 Rosenbluth formula, 155 plot, 157 Rotational invariance, 221–223 Rotations band head, 553 degeneracy, 556 of nuclei, 544–558 rotational bands, 544, 552 rotational families, 551 rotational states, 548 spectra, 547–551 Russell-Saunders coupling, 533 Rutherford scattering, 136–139, 305, 306, 354 S-process nucleosynthesis, 591 Saturation, 435 Scale invariance in high-energy collisions, 449 Scaling property, 168 Scattering amplitude, 136, 137, 172–175, 177, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 326, 424, 429, 457 and structure, 172 Born approximation, 177–178 chamber, 143 diffraction, 178 elastic, 135–136 Glauber approximation, 185–189 inclusive, 373 inelastic, 161–162 integral equation, 176–177 length, 457 of leptons, 303–306 profile function, 180–184 shadow effect, 188 Schrödinger equation, 140, 173, 176, 177, 197–199, 201, 204–206, 241, 256, 257, 260, 262, 272, 281–283, 287, 322, 383–385, 387, 391, 395, 401, 471, 484, 492, 524 Scintillation counters, 53–56 Scissors mode collective vibrations, 562 Screening, 454 Sea quarks, 170 See-saw mechanism, 365, 602 Selection rules, 102 Semiconductor detectors, 59–60 Seniority, 563 Separation energy, 517, 522 Shadow effect, 188 plane, 180 Shape oscillations, see Vibrations Shell model, 521–542 closed shells, 524–529 deformed potential, 535 deformed well, 522 extended calculations, 534 harmonic oscillator, 525 magic numbers, 521–524 pairing, 523, 534 residual interaction, 522, 534 single particle, 531–533 square well, 525, 526 Shock wave in stellar collapse, 594 Shower, 70 of cosmic rays, 598 of lepton pairs, 69 Sigma particle, 108, 207, 213, 214, 219, 300, 327, 343, 344, 377, 473 Silicon detector, 60, 65 Single particle shell model, 531–533 Singlets, 234
618 Index Size of proton in pp collisions, 184 Skin thickness, 144 SLC, 311 Slope parameter, 184 Small transverse momenta, 446 Sodium iodide detector, 54 Solar atmosphere, 598 energy, 363, 587 neutrinos, see Neutrino system abundances, 590, 598 Soliton, 490, 495 Space-like photons, 306 Spark chambers, 64–65 Spectrometer, 88 Spectrum, 136 Sphaleron, 602 Spin introduction to, 80 of electron, 81 Spin-dependent forces, 527 Spin-orbit force, 435, 440, 528–531, 534 Spontaneous emission, 294 symmetry breaking, see Symmetry breaking Squarks, 459 Stability, 102 Standard deviation, 57–59 Standard model, 118, 383, 403–420 current-current interaction, 337–342 strong interactions, 451–456 tests of, 414–418 Stanford Linear Collider, 311 Star, see Stellar Statistical region excited nuclei, 124 Statistics of counting, 56–59 Stefan-Boltzman law, 519 Stellar collapse, 592–596 energy, 586–592 Stern-Gerlach experiment, 80 Stimulated emission, 294 Straggling, 40 Strange quark, 215, 217, 472, 477, 480, 482, 495, 496, 499, 577 Strangeness, 82, 211–215, 238, 344–346, 379, 380 selection rule, 345, 346 Streamer chamber, 75 String Theories, 458–460 Strong interaction, 1, 92, 104, 421–467 high energies, 445–451 meson theory, 442–445 nucleon-nucleon interaction, 434–442 pion-nucleon interaction, 425–432 range, 105, 423 range and strength at low energies, 422 strength, 423 Yukawa theory, 432–434 Structure, 135–193 functions, 168 nuclear, 501–577 <strong>Subatomic</strong> zoo, 79–134 Superconducting Linac, 31–32 Superdeformation, 568 Superheavy elements, 511 Supernovae accelerating universe, 580 energy released by, 600 frequency of, 600 neutrinos from, 602 neutron star, 592 nucleosynthesis, 589 r-process, 591 shock wave, 601 Superstring theories, 459 Supersymmetry, 458–460 Surface energy, 503 Surface oscillations, see Vibrations Symmetry and conservation laws, 195 and observable operators, 200 approximate, 196 breaking magnetic field, 223–224 spontaneous, 393–400 charge conjugation, see Charge conjugation charge independence, 224 conservation of electric charge, 203–206 conserved quantities, 197–202 continuous transformations, 200 discrete, 239–278 discrete transformations, 200 energy, 504, 505, 508, 517 fall of CP, 268–271 isospin, 225–235 multiplicative, 239 operation, 199 P, C, and T, 239–278 parity, 239–243 rotations, 221–223 spontaneous breaking of, 196 T and EDM, 258 time reversal, 256–271, 584 under exchange, 83 Synchrotron radiation, 47 Synchrotrons, 15, 24–29 Tau, 93, 94, 97, 98, 115, 118, 134 decay, 343 Tau and theta particles, 249
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
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9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
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9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
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9.9. References 271 • There are t
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9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
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9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
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9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
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Part IV Interactions In the previou
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Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
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10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
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10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
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10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
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10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
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10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
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10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
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10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
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10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
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10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
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10.12. References 329 (a) How would
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Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
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11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
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11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
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11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
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11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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18.6. The Interacting Boson Model 5
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18.7. Highly Excited States; Giant
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Page 592 and 593: 18.9. References 571 J. S. Vaagen,
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Page 608 and 609: 19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 614 and 615: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
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Page 622 and 623: 19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625: 19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627: 19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
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Page 630 and 631: Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
Page 632 and 633: Index 611 drift chambers, 66-67 ele
Page 634 and 635: Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
Page 636 and 637: Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
Page 640 and 641: Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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