Subatomic Physics

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Index 611 drift chambers, 66–67 electronics, 70–72 logic, 72–73 scintillators, 53–56 semiconductors, 59–60 spark chambers, 64–65 statistical aspects, 56–59 TPC, 67–68 wire chambers, 65–66 Deuteron, 18, 118, 243, 246, 272, 317, 435– 437, 464, 531 and tensor force, 436 as neutron target, 428 binding energy, 423 deformation, 437 mag. moment, 436 nucleosynthesis, 585 quantum numbers, 435 tensor force, 437, 438 Differential cross section, 16 Diffraction, 172, 178, 179, 439 black disk, 178, 179 Fraunhofer, 178 high energy, 180 nuclear, 180 peak, 178, 183 scattering, 179 Dimensional analysis, 450, 466, 467 Dipole form factor, 156 Dirac neutrinos, 365–366 Discrete transformations, 200 “Doorway” states, 511 Double-beta decay, 365 Doublets, 235 Drell-Yan reaction, 316 Drift chambers, 66–67 Drip lines, 504 Early universe, 579–585 Effective range, 457 Elastic scattering, 135–136 Electric charge, 84 conservation of, 203–206 Electric dipole approximation, 295 Electric dipole moment, 258 Electric transition, 301 dipole, 302 Electromagnetic current of hadrons, 307 Electromagnetic interaction, 1, 92, 103, 281– 329 and particle’s structure, 290 classical, 289–292 minimal, 290 multipole radiation, 299–303 photon emission, 292–299 photon–hadron interaction, 307–310 real and space-like photons, 317–323 scattering of leptons, 303–306 Electron magnetic moment, 139, 147, 153 spin, 83 Electron capture, 594, 595 Electron degenerate gas, 593 Electronics for detectors, 70–72 Electronics logic, 72–73 Electrons in matter, 46–49 Electroweak theory, 403–420 Elementarity, 102 Elliptic flow in RHIC, 514 EMC, 171 Energy levels of nuclides, 136 Energy loss, 39–52 range, 45 specific, 42 Energy resolution, 143 e + − e − collisions, 311–312 and quarks, 314–316 Equation of state, 508, 515, 605 ηc, 254 European Muon Collaboration, 171 Exchange force, 440 Excited states, 118, 122 Exclusion principle, 83, 96, 534, 595 Expanding universe, 580 Exponential decay, 300 Fermi as unit, 3 Fermi distribution, 144 Fermi function, 335 Fermi gas model, 501–519 Fermi’s golden rule, 281–286 number one, 286 number two, 286 Fermion, 79, 84, 279 parity of, 246 Feynman diagrams, 4–8 Field quanta, 104 Fine structure constant, 149, 299, 453 Fireball, 512–514 Flatness problem, 582 Flux, 16, 175 Form factors, 135, 140–143 nucleon, 153–160 transition, 161 Four-vectors, 5 Fourier expansion, 100 transformation, 100 Franck–Hertz experiment, 77 Froissart bound, 448 g–factor, see Magnetic moment
612 Index Galilean invariance, 465 Gamma rays, 51, 55, 56, 65, 74, 597, 604 detector, 59–60 from excited mesons, 492 spectrum, 59 Gammasphere, 59 Gamow–Teller resonance, see Resonances Gauge bosons, 78, 93–97, 388, 393, 394, 404– 408, 412, 414, 419 covariant, 384 invariance, 94 non-abelian fields, 388–393 theories, 383–402 electroweak, 408–414 transformation global, 204 local, 205 unitary, 400 Gaussian distribution, 144 Generator electrostatic, see Van de Graaff for transformations, 200–202 Geometric cross section, 423, 424 Geometric phase, 388 Geonium, 151 Germanium arrays, 59 Germanium detector see Gamma rays detector, 59 Giant resonance, 564 GIM mechanism, 341, 407 Glauber approximation, 185–189 Glueballs, 117, 451 Gluon, 93, 94, 97, 170, 451–456, 472, 475, 492, 493, 498 basic properties, 112–118 in QCD, 451 one-gluon exchange potential, 493 Golden rule see Fermi’s golden rule, 281 Goldstone bosons, 394 Grand Unified Theories, 324, 384, 425, 458– 460, 493, 580 Gravitational interaction, 92 Green’s function, 176 GRETA, 59 Ground state, 88, 122, 128, 523, 531, 534– 536, 540 baryon, 105–108 GUT, see Grand Unified Theories � (Planck’s constant), 14 Hadron cloud, 320 Hadronic interaction see Strong interaction, 104 Hadrons, 93, 471–499 Half life, 98–102 beta decay, 335–337 nucleon, 458 14 O, 356 Half-density radius, 144 Hamiltonian, 281, 282, 289, 290, 293, 296, 307, 317, 320, 322, 326 Handedness see Helicity, 210 Harmonic oscillator, 483–490, 525–527, 540 Heavy ion reactions, 508–511 Heavy ions, 501–519 Heavy mesons, 491–493 Heisenberg uncertainty relation, 104 Helicity, 251, 353–354 of neutrinos, 210, 251 operator, 251 Helium burning, 589 see Alpha particle, 586 Hermitian, see Operator, 241, 465 adjoint, 199 Higgs at LHC, 418 mechanism, 393–400 High energies, 445–451 High-energy theorems, 447–451 Hole theory, 109 Horizon problem, 582 Hot dark matter, 584 Hubble, 579 constant, 580 Hypercharge, 214, 263, 344, 345 generalized, 216 oscillations, 266 Hypernuclei, 207, 568 Hyperon, 553 Hyperons, 107, 230 IBM Interacting boson model, 562–564 Impulse approximation, 166 Inclusive cross sections, 164 Inclusive scattering, 164, 373 Incompressibility, 501–510, 518, 555, 559, 575 Induced emission, 294 Inelastic collisions, 446 Inelastic scattering, 143, 146, 168 deep, 164–166 neutrino, 344, 373 quark-parton model, 166–172 of leptons, 161–162 Infinitesimal rotation, 222 Inflationary scenario, 582 Infrared slavery, 422 Interacting boson model, 562–564 Interaction Hamiltonian, 282 Interactions, 1, 11, 279 bosons and fermions, 279
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Ernest M Henley A
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments In writing the pres
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Preface to the First Edition Subato
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Preface to the Third Edition Subato
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General Bibliography The reader of
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Contents Dedication v Acknowledgmen
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Contents xvii 6 Structure of Subato
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Contents xix 12.5 GeneralReferences
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Chapter 1 Background and Language H
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1.2. Units 3 1.2 Units Table 1.1: B
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.3. Special Relativity, Feynman Di
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1.4. References 9 Problems 1.1. ∗
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Part I Tools One of the most frustr
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Chapter 2 Accelerators 2.1 Why Acce
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2.1. Why Accelerators? 15 particle
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2.2. Cross Sections and Luminosity
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2.3. Electrostatic Generators (Van
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2.4. Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 2
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2.5. Beam Optics 23 Figure 2.8: Rec
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2.6. Synchrotrons 25 Figure 2.10: E
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2.6. Synchrotrons 27 Photo 3: The p
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2.7. Laboratory and Center-of-Momen
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2.8. Colliding Beams 31 or with Eqs
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2.10. Beam Storage and Cooling 33 l
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2.11. References 35 and in E. Byckl
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2.11. References 37 (b) Extreme rel
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Chapter 3 Passage of Radiation Thro
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 41 Fig
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3.2. Heavy Charged Particles 43 −
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3.3. Photons 45 Equation (3.2) also
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3.4. Electrons 47 Figure 3.8: Passa
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3.5. Nuclear Interactions 49 Figure
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3.6. References 51 3.8. A beam of 1
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Chapter 4 Detectors What would a ph
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4.1. Scintillation Counters 55 The
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4.2. Statistical Aspects 57 Or, to
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 59 kno
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4.3. Semiconductor Detectors 61 Fig
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4.4. Bubble Chambers 63 Photo 5: Bu
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4.6. Wire Chambers 65 voltage suppl
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4.8. Time Projection Chambers 67 Fi
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4.10. Calorimeters 69 Figure 4.18:
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4.11. Counter Electronics 71 Figure
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4.13. References 73 Table 4.1: Func
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4.13. References 75 4.6. Sketch the
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Part II Particles and Nuclei The si
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Chapter 5 The Subatomic Zoo A conve
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.1. Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bo
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5.2. Electric Charge and Magnetic D
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5.3. Mass Measurements 87 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 89 Figure 5.
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5.3. Mass Measurements 91 Earlier,
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5.4. A First Glance at the Subatomi
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5.5. Gauge Bosons 95 Figure 5.13: A
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5.6. Leptons 97 to its momentum, re
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5.7. Decays 99 Figure 5.15: Exponen
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5.7. Decays 101 The function g(ω)
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5.8. Mesons 103 5.8 Mesons Table 5.
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 105 Japan
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5.9. Baryon Ground States 107 neutr
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.10. Particles and Antiparticles 1
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5.11. Quarks, Gluons, and Intermedi
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.12. Excited States and Resonances
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5.13. Excited States of Baryons 123
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5.14. References 129 in Section 5.5
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5.14. References 131 5.14. Use the
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5.14. References 133 5.32. ∗ What
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Chapter 6 Structure of Subatomic Pa
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.2. Rutherford and Mott Scattering
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6.3. Form Factors 141 The scatterin
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.4. The Charge Distribution of Sph
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6.5. Leptons Are Point Particles 14
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6.6. Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 1
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.8. Inelastic Electron and Muon Sc
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6.9. Deep Inelastic Electron Scatte
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6.10. Quark-Parton Model for Deep I
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6.11. More Details on Scattering an
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6.12. References 189 Some character
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6.12. References 191 (c) Show that
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6.12. References 193 6.23. Show tha
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Part III Symmetries and Conservatio
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Chapter 7 Additive Conservation Law
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.1. Conserved Quantities and Symme
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7.2. The Electric Charge 203 7.2 Th
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7.2. The Electric Charge 205 or [Q,
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7.3. The Baryon Number 207 antineut
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7.4. Lepton and Lepton Flavor Numbe
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 211 all bel
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7.5. Strangeness Flavor 213 Positiv
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7.6. Additive Quantum Numbers of Qu
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7.7. References 217 There are also
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7.7. References 219 7.12. Follow th
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Chapter 8 Angular Momentum and Isos
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8.2. Symmetry Breaking by a Magneti
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8.4. The Nucleon Isospin 225 8.4 Th
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8.5. Isospin Invariance 227 magneti
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 229 the v
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8.6. Isospin of Particles 231 The a
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8.7. Isospin in Nuclei 233 If the e
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8.8. References 235 Isospin doublet
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8.8. References 237 8.4. Verify the
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Chapter 9 P , C, CP, andT In the pr
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9.1. The Parity Operation 241 P is
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.2. The Intrinsic Parities of Suba
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9.3. Conservation and Breakdown of
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 253 “Is t
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9.4. Charge Conjugation 255 The π
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9.5. Time Reversal 257 if Tψ(t) an
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9.5. Time Reversal 259 found to be
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9.6. The Two-State Problem 261 Hami
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 263 9.7 The
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 265 3. The s
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9.7. The Neutral Kaons 267 and only
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9.8. The Fall of CP Invariance 269
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9.9. References 271 • There are t
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9.9. References 273 9.8. * Find inf
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9.9. References 275 9.27. Assume th
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9.9. References 277 9.39. Compare t
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Part IV Interactions In the previou
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Chapter 10 The Electromagnetic Inte
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10.1. The Golden Rule 283 Schrödin
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10.1. The Golden Rule 285 where it
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10.2. Phase Space 287 Figure 10.4:
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.3. The Classical Electromagnetic
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10.4. Photon Emission 293 is a twof
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10.4. Photon Emission 295 the form
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10.4. Photon Emission 297 where V (
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 299 The t
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10.5. Multipole Radiation 301 Figur
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.6. Electromagnetic Scattering of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.7. Vector Mesons as Mediators of
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10.8. Colliding Beams 311 10.8 Coll
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10.8. Colliding Beams 313 Figure 10
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10.9. Electron-Positron Collisions
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10.10. The Photon-Hadron Interactio
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10.11. Magnetic Monopoles 323 The s
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10.12. References 325 Quantum Elect
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10.12. References 327 (b) Compare t
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10.12. References 329 (a) How would
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Chapter 11 The Weak Interaction Thi
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11.1. The Continuous Beta Spectrum
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11.2. Beta Decay Lifetimes 335 The
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11.3. The Current-Current Interacti
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.4. A Variety of Weak Processes 3
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11.5. The Muon Decay 347 Linac Pion
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.6. The Weak Current of Leptons 3
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11.7. Chirality versus Helicity 353
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11.9. Weak Decays of Quarks and the
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.10. Weak Currents in Nuclear Phy
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11.11. Inverse Beta Decay: Reines a
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11.12. Massive Neutrinos 363 11.12
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11.13. Majorana versus Dirac Neutri
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11.14. The Weak Current of Hadrons
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11.15. References 375 11.15 Referen
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11.15. References 377 11.5. Beta sp
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11.15. References 379 (b) * Discuss
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11.15. References 381 11.41. For nu
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Chapter 12 Introduction to Gauge Th
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12.1. Introduction 385 D0 ≡ 1 ∂
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12.2. Potentials in Quantum Mechani
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.3. Gauge Invariance for Non-Abel
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12.4. The Higgs Mechanism; Spontane
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12.5. General References 401 12.5 G
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Chapter 13 The Electroweak Theory o
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.2. The Gauge Bosons and Weak Iso
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13.3. The Electroweak Interaction 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.4. Tests of the Standard Model 4
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13.5. References 419 Physics. 112,
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Chapter 14 Strong Interactions All
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14.1. Range and Strength of the Low
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14.2. The Pion-Nucleon Interaction
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14.3. The Form of the Pion-Nucleon
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14.4. The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear
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14.5. Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Fo
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14.6. Meson Theory of the Nucleon-N
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14.7. Strong Processes at High Ener
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14.8. The Standard Model, Quantum C
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14.9. QCD at Low Energies 457 An ex
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14.10. Grand Unified Theories, Supe
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14.11. References 461 and Partons,
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14.11. References 463 Fig. 14.28 14
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14.11. References 465 14.25. The lo
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14.11. References 467 (b) What comb
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Part V Models “A model is like an
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Chapter 15 Quark Models of Mesons a
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15.2. Quarks as Building Blocks of
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.4. Mesons as Bound Quark States
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15.5. Baryons as Bound Quark States
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15.6. The Hadron Masses 481 Figure
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15.7. QCD and Quark Models of the H
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15.8. Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Ups
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15.9. Outlook and Problems 493 wher
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15.10. References 495 On a more adv
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15.10. References 497 where J± = J
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15.10. References 499 (b) Apply the
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Chapter 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 503 Fig
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16.1. The Liquid Drop Model 505 Bey
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16.2. The Fermi Gas Model 507 N = V
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E/A(MeV) 16.3. Heavy Ion Reactions
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.4. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collis
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16.5. References 515 medium (i.e. s
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16.5. References 517 16.12. Symmetr
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16.5. References 519 16.25. At RHIC
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Chapter 17 The Shell Model The liqu
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17.1. The Magic Numbers 523 The res
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17.2. The Closed Shells 525 solved
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17.2. The Closed Shells 527 Figure
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17.3. The Spin-Orbit Interaction 52
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17.4. The Single-Particle Shell Mod
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17.5. Generalization of the Single-
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17.6. Isobaric Analog Resonances 53
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17.7. Nuclei Far From the Valley of
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17.8. References 539 An elementary
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17.8. References 541 (b) N odd. (c)
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Chapter 18 Collective Model Althoug
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18.1. Nuclear Deformations 545 spin
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.2. Rotational Spectra of Spinles
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18.3. Rotational Families 551 A spi
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18.3. Rotational Families 553 2. Th
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.4. One-Particle Motion in Deform
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18.5. Vibrational States in Spheric
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Page 608 and 609: 19.3. Stellar Energy and Nucleosynt
Page 614 and 615: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 616 and 617: 19.4. Stellar Collapse and Neutron
Page 618 and 619: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 597 We are consta
Page 620 and 621: 19.5. Cosmic Rays 599 Figure 19.11:
Page 622 and 623: 19.6. Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmol
Page 624 and 625: 19.8. References 603 baryon excess
Page 626 and 627: 19.8. References 605 Neutron Stars
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Page 630 and 631: Index Abundance, 585-586 Accelerato
Page 634 and 635: Index 613 diagrams, 279 electromagn
Page 636 and 637: Index 615 outlook, 567 Nuclear stru
Page 638 and 639: Index 617 poles, 494 recurrences, 4
Page 640 and 641: Index 619 TCP theorem, 269, 448 Tem
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