BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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Much of the anatomy and physiology was left out of this curriculum, with more focus on normal midwifery (40 hours). These students were taught to recognize and refer abnormal cases to physicians. Each student was required to make examinations of 50 antenatal, postpartum, and well-baby cases each, and attend 15 deliveries. Graduates, who must have received a passing grade of 70 in each class, were qualified to practice midwifery in Beiping municipality but had to be under the supervision of the School for a designated length of time. Graduates with creditable work were also eligible to enter the Two-Year Course without taking the entrance exams. This course was suspended in 1933. SIX-MONTH GRADUATE COURSE FOR NURSES AND MIDWIVES (MIDWIFE RESEARCH UNIT) The Graduate Courses for Nurses and Midwives helped to spread the ideas of the FNMS and standardize maternal and child health training and practice nationwide. By 1929, there were more than 142 nurse training schools in China, 18 of which operated a “nurse-midwifery” course consisting of one year’s training in a maternity ward after completing the regular nursing course. The Nurses’ Association of China “granted a special certificate to graduates of this course.” 339 When the FNMS opened, there were about 150 of these nurse-midwives. When the FNMS was founded, the Nurses’ Association of China turned midwifery training over to the National Midwifery Board. To meet the government requirements for midwife registration, the FNMS began a special course for such nurses and nurse-midwives who were members of the Nurses’ Association of China. The Six-Month Course for Graduate Nurses admitted students who had already completed nursing school and wanted specialized instruction in obstetrics (see Table 3.3). 339 Chinese National Association for the Advancement of Education, "Statistical Summaries of Chinese Education," Bulletins on Chinese Education 2 (1923). 137
The first class opened in July 1931. 340 The course focused on delivery room practice and community health work, for a total of 132 hours of coursework and practicum combined. Even these nurses were taught to refer abnormal cases to physicians. The curriculum was an accelerated form of the Two-Year Course. Table 3.3: Curriculum for Six-Month Course for Graduate Nurses of the First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1932-33. 1 st and 2 nd month 3 Hours/week rd and 4 th month 5 Hours/week th and 6 th month Hours/week Abnormal midwifery 3 Midwifery 6 6 Urinalysis 3 Care and feeding of children 2 2 Dietetics 2 Party Principles 1 1 Chinese 1 1 Sociology 2 2 Hygiene 1 2 2 Gynecology 2 Antenatal clinic 6 8 18 Delivery room practice 20 10 10 District work 10 11 Total 44 44 44 Reproduced from "Second Annual Report, First National Midwifery School, Peiping, July 1, 1930 - June 30, 1931," Appendix I, p. ii, box 222, series 3, sub-series 601L, RG 5, RAC. A special Six-Month Graduate Course for Midwives was started in 1932 to give additional training to graduates of provincial or registered private midwifery schools, as the FNMS was the first place in the country to provide complete midwifery training with practical 340 "Second Annual Report, FNMS." 138
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
Page 95 and 96: was established for nurses to recei
Page 97 and 98: Department of Education in 1931. Du
Page 99 and 100: Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
Page 101 and 102: were established for each 50,000 pe
Page 103 and 104: Health Administration offered a gra
Page 105 and 106: Chen did institute successful progr
Page 107 and 108: February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
Page 109 and 110: as “Maternity and Child Health He
Page 111 and 112: 卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
Page 113 and 114: 1930s, the following schools were e
Page 115 and 116: midwife or physician in attendance,
Page 117 and 118: in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120: and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 149 and 150: “poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173 and 174: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175 and 176: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
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Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
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Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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