BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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———. "Midwifery Training." Peking: Peking Union Medical College, 1927. "Guangzhoushi Zhuchanshi Gonghui Lishizhang Pang Fu'ai Zhongyao Shengming (Important Declaration of Guangzhou Midwifery Association Board Member Chief Pang Fu'ai)." Daguangbao (Guangzhoubao), Saturday, September 13, 1947. Guo, Jianyao. Lin Qiaozhi: Zhongguo Jiechu Fuchanke Nu Yisheng [Lin Qiaozhi: China's Outstanding Female Obstetrician/Gynecologist]. Hong Kong: Xin ya wenhua shiye youxian gongsi, 1990. Harvey, Travis Anna. "The Jie Sheng Po of China." Midwifery Today 66 (2003): 53-54. Hayford, Charles W. To the People: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Hayhoe, Ruth E.S. "China's Higher Curricular Reform in Historical Perspective." The China Quarterly, no. 110 (1987): 196-230. Heiser, Dr. Victor. "Excerpt from Dr. Heiser's Diary, China, November 1932," folder 373, box 45, series 601, RG 1, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC. Holden, Reuben. Yale in China: The Mainland 1901-1951. New Haven: The Yale in China Association, Inc., 1964. Hollander, D. "Maternal Mortality Exceeds U.S. Goal; Age and Racial Differences Are Marked." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 4 (2003): 189-90. Houghton, Henry S. Letter to E.C. Lobenstein, October 11, 1937, folder 669, box 94, RG IV2B9, RAC. Hsieh, Winston. "The Ideas and Ideals of a Warlord: Ch'en Chiung-Ming (1978-1933)." Papers on China: Harvard University Committee on Regional Studies 16 (1962): 198-252. Hsu, Shou Shang, Hsiao Lan Ou Yang, and Yoehngoo Tsohsan Wu Lew. "Education of Women in China." In Education in China: Papers Contributed by the Members of Committees of the Society for the Study of International Education, edited by T.Y. Teng and T.T. Lew, 1-35. Peking: Society for the Study of International Education, 1923. "Hygiene and Public Health: The First National Midwifery School, Peiping." China Medical Journal, 46 (1932): 32-33. Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. “Children’s Health Care.” White Papers of the Government. Beijing: April 1996. http://www.china.org.cn/ewhite/children/c-3.htm. 279
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
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CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
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physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
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Hopkins served as the model for med
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third wife and came from a rich fam
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However, Yang was drawn to the plig
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During the next section (January to
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addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
Page 241 and 242: we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244: A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246: Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248: we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249 and 250: Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 251 and 252: Along with images of people, these
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
Page 255 and 256: MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
Page 257 and 258: - Simpson’s straight perforator -
Page 259 and 260: wonders how a jieshengpo could have
Page 261 and 262: elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
Page 263 and 264: CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
Page 265 and 266: often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268: My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
Page 269 and 270: 1941, she helped to establish Sichu
Page 271 and 272: centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274: those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276: all women go to hospitals to have t
Page 277 and 278: examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282: d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286: "Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287: Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 291 and 292: Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294: Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296: Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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