BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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The ministries of health and education jointly established a National Midwifery Board (zhuchan jiaoyu weiyuanhui 助产教育委员会) in 1929 “to promote midwifery education in the country.” 203 According to the Vice-Minister of Health J. Heng Liu, “The realization of the paramount importance of midwifery education at the present moment has led to the formation on January 15 [1929] by the Ministries of Health and of Education of a National Midwifery Board.” The board’s nine members included two representatives each from the Ministries of Health and of Education, to hold office for two-year terms. The committee met twice yearly and also regulated midwifery curricula and midwife registration. Its members in 1932 included: from the Ministry of Health, Dr. J. Heng Liu and Dr. L.C. Yen (Chief of the Department of Medical Administration); from the Ministry of Education, Mr. Wu Lai Chua (Vice Minister of Education) and Dr. S.L. Hong (physiologist); and Honorary Members Madam Feng Yuxiang, 204 wife of the progressive “Christian General,” Madam Chiang Kai-shek, 205 Dr. F.C. Yen (Dean of Central University Medical School), Dr. Sun Keh-chi (Obstetrician, Red Cross Hospital, Shanghai) and Dr. Marion Yang of the First National Midwifery School. 206 A sum of $30,000 per year was obtained from the National Government for the promotion of midwifery education. At the first meeting of the Midwifery Board, held on January 23, 1929, the members decided that the First Midwifery Training School and attached hospital would be established in Beiping and approved the plan proposed by the Beiping Midwifery Commission. 207 To help resolve the immediate 203 Liu, "The Chinese Ministry of Health," 139, Nianjian bianzuan weiyuanhui Neizhengbu, Neizheng Nianjian (Yearbook of Internal Affairs), vol. 4 (Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, 1936), G303-04. 204 Mrs. Feng Yuxiang had opened a midwifery school in Kaifeng, Honan, in 1927 or 1928, which had “taught her the necessity for trained personnel.” Grant, letter to Dr. Victor Heiser, 1928. 205 I have been unable to find any information about Madame Chiang’s involvement in the NMB, other than that she was an honorary member. An interesting side note is that Dr. Marion Yang and Madame Chiang did not see eye-toeye: According to John B. Grant, Yang “could not cope with either Madame’s superficialities or the vagaries of her entourage” Bullock, An American Transplant, 194, n.12. 206 "First Annual Report, First National Midwifery School (hereafter FNMS), 1929-1931," (Beiping: First National Midwifery School, 1931), iii. 207 Liu, "The Chinese Ministry of Health," 140. 79
crisis in maternal and child health, the Ministry of Health planned to offer short courses lasting two or three months to old-style midwives, often called chanpo xunlianban (产婆训练班), “on asepsis and the primary physiological principles … while at the same time more advanced midwifery schools [zhuchan xuexiao 助产学校] with appended hospitals for practical work will be established.” 208 The number of these advanced schools would grow as midwifery school graduates were available to staff them. The First National Midwifery School (di yi zhuchan xuexiao 第一助产学校) in Beiping would be the model for other midwifery schools, and local health bureaus and departments were encouraged to follow this policy. 209 I will return to the FNMS in Chapter Three. The Midwifery Board aimed to provide midwife training at national, provincial, and rural levels. The Ministry of Health together with the National Midwifery Board established curricula guidelines and licensing registration of public health nurses and midwives in 1929. In 1930, these organizations, along with the First National Midwifery School, launched the National Maternity and Child Health Service (or Programme), headed by Marion Yang. Its first five-year plan emphasized training personnel, experimenting with teaching methods, and “educating the public to utilize modern maternity care.” 210 In 1932, Marion Yang toured numerous rural and urban locations in China to investigate maternal and child health problems and recommend solutions. She assisted the Yenching University Sociology Department’s Sociological Experimental Station at Qinghe (see below) to establish a rural “reconstruction” program to improve maternal and child health. That year Yang also provided technical assistance for maternal and child health work in Shanghai; Yutien county, Hebei province; the Jiangsu 208 Ibid., 145. 209 Ibid. 210 "Fifth Annual Report, FNMS, Beiping, July 1, 1933 - June 30, 1934." (Beiping: First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1934). 80
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
Page 37 and 38: irths were attended by untrained mi
Page 39 and 40: Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
Page 41 and 42: more important in making government
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
Page 45 and 46: Well into the twentieth century, mo
Page 47 and 48: pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
Page 49 and 50: This ideal of aseptic births to dec
Page 51 and 52: medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
Page 53 and 54: y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
Page 55 and 56: named the Turner Training School fo
Page 57 and 58: Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
Page 59 and 60: Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
Page 61 and 62: Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
Page 63 and 64: clinic at the temple, I presume for
Page 65 and 66: It later became the Beiyang Naval M
Page 67 and 68: and college continued jointly by th
Page 69 and 70: sent her sons to the mission school
Page 71 and 72: nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
Page 73 and 74: College for Women in Peking (establ
Page 75 and 76: medical colleges with a national st
Page 77 and 78: critical of the quality of the Chin
Page 79 and 80: Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
Page 83 and 84: authority that had previously been
Page 85 and 86: After the start of the Nationalist
Page 87: schools. The 28 medical schools in
Page 91 and 92: the only course for China to take i
Page 93 and 94: The maternity ward practice grouped
Page 95 and 96: was established for nurses to recei
Page 97 and 98: Department of Education in 1931. Du
Page 99 and 100: Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
Page 101 and 102: were established for each 50,000 pe
Page 103 and 104: Health Administration offered a gra
Page 105 and 106: Chen did institute successful progr
Page 107 and 108: February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
Page 109 and 110: as “Maternity and Child Health He
Page 111 and 112: 卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
Page 113 and 114: 1930s, the following schools were e
Page 115 and 116: midwife or physician in attendance,
Page 117 and 118: in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120: and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290:
Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291 and 292:
Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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