BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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field work. Upon graduation, the students were to return to their home institutions to continue their work. The FNMS was thus able to extend its reach beyond Beijing. As Yang stated, “It was felt that this would be helpful in raising midwifery standards throughout the country and would also help the Central Government to enforce registration regulations of midwifery schools.” 341 The National Health Administration offered fellowships to selected students. The course was limited to10 students per term, who would study “Ethics of the Midwifery Profession,” obstetrics, public health, and delivery and ward practicum. Additionally, each student was required to handle10 hospital and five home deliveries, for a total of 1,198 classroom and practicum hours. 342 Most students in the first year were from Jiangsu province, where Marion Yang had undertaken significant consulting work to improve the area’s maternal and child health services. By 1934, six rural xian-level maternity hospitals in Jiangsu were under the supervision of graduates from this course. 343 Fourteen students were in this course in 1934- 35, with 12 graduates that year. 344 TWO-MONTH REFRESHER COURSE The Two-Month Refresher Course was given twice yearly “as a supplementary course for midwives who have received certificates from unregistered schools.” 345 The first class of this type began in September 1932. By the time that the FNMS was founded, there were between 45 and 50 private midwifery schools in China that had issued certificates to hundreds of women, most of whom had never had clinical instruction and, according to Yang, had received only 341 "Fifth Annual Report, FNMS," 1. 342 Ibid., ii. 343 "Sixth Annual Report, FNMS." 344 Ibid. 345 "First National Midwifery School, Peiping," 7. 139
“poor theoretical instruction.” 346 To allow these midwives to “make up for the deficiencies of their training” and to apply for government registration, the FNMS opened a Refresher Course. By 1932, this program had 14 students from five different midwifery schools. 347 Midwives who had successfully completed the course were eligible to be licensed and registered with the government. The course consisted of the following: Course name Total Hours Duties of the midwife………………. 2 Examination of pregnant woman……2 Equipment and supplies for delivery 2 Methods of aseptic delivery…………2 Care of the newbborn infant…………2 Care of the postpartum mother……..2 Physiology of normal presentation….2 Pathology of abnormal presentation….1 Anatomy and physiology of the female genitals…………..1 Midwifery……………………………3 Care and prevention of infant’s and children’s diseases………1 How to deal with and prevent abnormal cases from the midwife’s point of view……..4 Total ……………………………….24 In addition, each student received practical experience in handling five delivery cases on average of four hours each (20 hours), plus 20 hours of antenatal clinic and 30 hours of postpartum visits (six hours per each of the five delivery cases), for a total of 94 hours of 346 "Second Annual Report, FNMS." 347 Ibid. 140
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
Page 97 and 98: Department of Education in 1931. Du
Page 99 and 100: Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
Page 101 and 102: were established for each 50,000 pe
Page 103 and 104: Health Administration offered a gra
Page 105 and 106: Chen did institute successful progr
Page 107 and 108: February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
Page 109 and 110: as “Maternity and Child Health He
Page 111 and 112: 卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
Page 113 and 114: 1930s, the following schools were e
Page 115 and 116: midwife or physician in attendance,
Page 117 and 118: in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120: and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147: The first class opened in July 1931
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173 and 174: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175 and 176: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
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Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
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Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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