BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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Two-Year and Six-Month courses. In the beginning, the staff included two physicians, two midwives, one nurse, one secretary, one clerk, one business manager, and one matron. By 1932, the FNMS staff consisted of four full-time physicians, 17 full-time midwives, and eight part-time lecturers. That year, there were 24 students in the Two-Year Course, 8 in the Six-Month Course, and 12 in the Course for Graduate Nurses. From 1929 to 1932, the school trained 34 students in the Two-Year Course, 37 in the Six-Month Course, 12 Graduate Nurses, and 24 in the Two- Month Refresher Course. These students combined attended 1,297 antepartum and 1,055 postpartum cases, and gave 567 infant examinations and 293 gynecological exams. They delivered 826 babies in the maternity hospital and 263 in patients’ homes. Forty-six students were enrolled in 1933, and 49 were registered to begin classes. There were 24 graduates in 1933. 407 This number is relatively small when compared with China’s entire population, but the important purpose of this school was to train the brightest and most qualified midwives and send them throughout the country to in turn train others. Between 1929 and 1935, the FNMS trained only 133 modern midwives in the four courses. Of those, 126 were practicing in 36 places in 15 different provinces, as shown below (one had died, and six were married and not practicing). 408 The more remote northern and Western provinces had no midwives, and they were clustered mainly around the middle coastal areas of Hebei, Shandong, and Jiangsu provinces, as follows: 407 "Fifth Annual Report, FNMS," 4. 408 "Sixth Annual Report, FNMS," 3. 163
Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shandong 10 Gansu 2 Shanxi 7 Henan 2 Jiangsu 26 Sichuan 5 Anhui 1 Zhejiang 5 Jiangxi 4 Fujian 2 Hunan 5 Guangdong 1 As we know, the high infant and maternal mortality rates can be traced back to unsanitary practices during childbirth. Old-style midwives had higher death rates from “birth injury,” “convulsions,” and infant tetanus. Furthermore, high infant mortality was due to preventable diseases and conditions – diarrhea, malnutrition, tetanus, and birth injury – that even illiterate, old-style midwives could learn to prevent. Although exact numbers are not available, Yang found that higher income families had much lower maternal and infant death rates, and that there were associated lower maternal and infant deaths among those who received antenatal care. According to Yang, “During recent years there has been a definite recognition and appreciation of modern medicine due to the benefits received, resulting in increased hospital deliveries where such facilities exist. The latter has saved many lives of both mothers and babies mainly by physiological non-interference and proper technique.” 409 Yang used simple techniques of aseptic births to quickly reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. 409 Marion Yang, "Letter to the Editor." 164
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148: The first class opened in July 1931
Page 149 and 150: “poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 175 and 176: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
Page 199 and 200: future, since one-third of present
Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204: supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206: Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222: Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290:
Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296:
Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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