BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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eturned to establish medical mission work in Jiujiang in 1896. Kang and Shi were two of the earliest advocates of medical education for Chinese women. According to Connie Shemo in her study of these two women, they saw Chinese nurses as fulfilling two crucial goals: modernizing the nation through health and saving souls through Christ. 480 Kang and Shi envisioned a new Chinese womanhood of educated women, some of whom would marry and reproduce more educated Christians, others who would devote themselves to public health work and evangelism controlled by “Chinese women medical professionals.” Central to their mission was nurse training, which necessarily included midwifery education. They encouraged women to become nurses instead of physicians because the nurse training period was shorter and could more quickly satisfy China’s desperate need for Western-trained medical personnel. Kang and Shi had started their medical work in Jiujiang in 1896 with three students from the affiliated Jiujiang Mission School run by American Methodists. This school provided the primary source of nurses for Danforth Hospital. Their training was rudimentary at first, comprising working in the dispensary, filling prescriptions, attending patients, and reciting daily lessons.” 481 Shi reported her first class of five graduates in 1909 from Jiujiang’s Danforth Memorial Hospital, where she treated over 24,000 cases in her lifetime. Danforth also contained “an excellent school for the training of midwives.” 482 In 1903, Kang moved to Nanchang to start her work there, and Shi opened Bethel Hospital (Boteli yiyuan 伯特利医院) with her partner Jennie Hughes in Shanghai in 1920. Shi eventually had over 200 students per year at Bethel in the attached nursing school and school of obstetrics (hushi chanke xuexiao 护士产科学校). 483 480 Shemo, "'An Army of Women.'" 481 Ibid., 159. 482 Balme, China and Modern Medicine, 111. 483 Shemo, "'An Army of Women,’” 195, Shanghai boteli yiyuan hushi chanke xuexiao (Students of Bethel Schools of Nursing and Obstetrics), eds., Boteli Niankan (Bethel Annual), (Shanghai: Boteli yiyuan, 1936). 195
Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to return permanently to their hometowns to provide medical care and proselytize. Their training focused on public health and hygiene, and probably aseptic deliveries, and focused on bringing heatlh care to the masses. Nurses were to act as purveyors of modern medicine to provide care for the whole community. The nurses also held weekly public health meetings in Shanghai. Many of these, mainly on hygiene, sanitation, and vaccination, were directed at women who in turn could shape others’ perceptions and eventually affect the state of health of the entire country. 484 Other less well-known Chinese women physicians trained in the United States are Jin Yamei (Y. May King金韵梅) and Cao Liyun. Little information is available on these women, but we do know that they trained medical personnel in their hospitals. Jin Yamei was the adopted daughter of medical missionary Dr. Divie Bethune McCartee of Ningbo and the first Chinese female to graduate from an American medical school, the Women’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary in 1885. 485 After traveling for many years in the United States and Europe, and then working with the Reformed Church in Amoy, in 1907 she opened a nursing school and hospital at the East Gate in Tianjin City with a 20,000 tael grant from Viceroy Yuan Shikai. According to Peabody, “The Viceroy of Chili was anxious for her to start a medical school, but she said she could not do that but would start a hospital and training school for nurses. She began in an old Chinese house which was once used for a children’s home.” 486 The hospital was called the Peiyang (Beiyang) Hospital for Women and Children, and the school was 484 Shemo, "'An Army of Women,'" 454. 485 Balme, China and Modern Medicine, Tao, "Medical Education of Chinese Women." 486 Francis W. Peabody, "Visit to Peiyang Hospital for Women and Children: Tientsin," 1914, folder 322, box 19, series 1, RG 4, RAC. 196
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
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CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
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physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
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Hopkins served as the model for med
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third wife and came from a rich fam
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However, Yang was drawn to the plig
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During the next section (January to
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addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173 and 174: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175 and 176: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
Page 199 and 200: future, since one-third of present
Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203: supported career woman. Several con
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222: Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
Page 223 and 224: therefore they had less life- and s
Page 225 and 226: to oneself could be passed on to on
Page 227 and 228: give the fetus favorable emotional
Page 229 and 230: weak nations of the East, but we ca
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
Page 235 and 236: major impact on health policy and a
Page 237 and 238: and hat. She has the images and doc
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
Page 241 and 242: we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244: A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246: Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248: we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249 and 250: Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 251 and 252: Along with images of people, these
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
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Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296:
Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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