BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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National Association for the Advancement of Education, Chinese. "Statistical Summaries of Chinese Education." Bulletins on Chinese Education 2 (1923). Neal, Dr. James Boyd. "Medical Education for the Chinese." The China Medical Missionary Journal XV, no. 3 (1901): 220-21. ———. "Training of Native Women in Midwifery." The China Medical Missionary Journal 15, no. 3 (1901): 221-22. Neizhengbu, Nianjian bianzuan weiyuanhui. Neizheng Nianjian (Yearbook of Internal Affairs). Vol. 4. Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, 1936. Niles, Mary W., MD. "Native Midwifery in Canton." The China Medical Missionary Journal IV (1890): 51-55. Peabody, Francis W. "Visit to Peiyang Hospital for Women and Children: Tientsin," 1914, folder 322, box 19, series 1, RG 4, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC. "Peking Midwifery School -- Budget and Designation." (Rockefeller Foundation/ International Health Division, 1929), folder 371, box 45, series 601, RG 1, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC. Pfeiffer, Stefani. "Epistemology and Etiquette: Bargaining, Self-Disclosure, and the Struggle to Define the Patient Role at PUMC Hospital, 1921-1941." Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, April 2, 2005. Pyenson, Lewis. Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas 1900- 1930. New York, Berne, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1985. Qian, Xu, Helen Smith, Li Zhou, Ji Liang, and Paul Garner. "Evidence-Based Obstetrics in Four Hospitals in China: An Observational Study to Explore Clinical Practice, Women's Preferences and Provider's Views." BioMed Central Pregnancy and Childbirth 1, no. 1 (2001). Rawski, Evelyn S. Education and Popular Literacy in Ch'ing China. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1979. Renshaw, Michelle. "Accomodating the Chinese: The American Hospital in China, 1880-1920." PhD dissertation, University of Adelaide, 2003. Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution. New York: Bantam Books, 1977. Richardson MD, Frank Howard. Fumu Zhi Dao. Translated by Zhang Xiaohuai: Shenzhouguo guang she chuban, 1930. 283
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
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CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
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physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
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Hopkins served as the model for med
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third wife and came from a rich fam
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However, Yang was drawn to the plig
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During the next section (January to
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addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
Page 241 and 242: we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244: A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246: Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248: we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249 and 250: Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 251 and 252: Along with images of people, these
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
Page 255 and 256: MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
Page 257 and 258: - Simpson’s straight perforator -
Page 259 and 260: wonders how a jieshengpo could have
Page 261 and 262: elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
Page 263 and 264: CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
Page 265 and 266: often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268: My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
Page 269 and 270: 1941, she helped to establish Sichu
Page 271 and 272: centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274: those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276: all women go to hospitals to have t
Page 277 and 278: examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282: d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286: "Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287 and 288: Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290: Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291: Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 295 and 296: Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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