BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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Nanjing in 1932. Its three-year course included public health and midwifery courses in which 91 students were enrolled in 1935. In fact, the entire second year was devoted to pregnancy, birth, and postpartum management. 227 PROVINCIAL MIDWIFERY PROGRAMS By 1936, several provinces had some type of public health administrations or hospitals that promoted public health. Hunan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Zhejiang had provincial public health experimental stations (sheng weisheng shiyanchu 省卫生实验处), Jiangxi had a provincial public health department (sheng weisheng chu 省卫生处), and Shanxi had a public health committee (weisheng weiyuanhui 卫生委员会). In addition, Jiangsu, Henan, and Guangxi had provincial hospitals that promoted public health throughout the province. 228 Several provinces also had established provincial midwifery schools by the 1930s. According to Liu’s 1937 report on the National Health Administration, the National Health Administration and the Central Field Health Station in Nanjing helped to establish provincial midwifery schools in the late 1930s in Fujian, Jiangxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. 229 The 1943 Yunnan xingzheng jishi (Records of the Yunnan Administration 云南行政纪实) states that the National Health Administration also assisted Kunming in establishing a provincial midwifery school as early as 1933. 230 Zhejiang had started a provincial midwifery school attached to the provincial hospital (Zhejiang shengli zhuchan xuexiao 浙江省立助产学校) under the provincial civil administration department (minzhengting民政厅) in 1928, and it was approved by the 227 Neizhengbu, Neizheng Nianjian, G201-03. Liu, "National Health Organization," 338. 228 Neizhengbu, Neizheng Nianjian, G4. 229 Liu, "National Health Organization." 230 Yun Long et. al., eds., Kunming Xingzheng Jishi, vol. 22, Weisheng, Kunming shizheng (Kunming: Yunnan zezhengting yinshua, 1943). The school was started in 1928 but, according to the report, did not receive NMB assistance until Minguo 23 (1934). 87
Department of Education in 1931. During that year, the hospital delivered 296 infants. 231 Furthermore, in 1933 Hubei province opened a provincial nursing school in the provincial hospital, a midwifery school (zhuchan xuexiao 助产学校), and an old-style midwife training program (chanpo xunlianban 产婆训练班) under the provincial public security department (gonganju 公安局). There may be other claims to National Health Administration assistance in building midwifery training schools in additional provinces. The following year Jiangsu and Hunan opened not proper schools but provincial maternity hospitals, by 1935 Shanxi had its own midwifery school and maternity hospital, 232 and in 1933-34 the First National Midwifery School provided technical assistance to the Shaanxi Provincial Midwifery School in Xian. 233 Jiangsu’s commoners’ maternity hospital (pingmin chanyuan 平民产院), part of its larger provincial hospital, was administered by the Jiangsu provincial public health affairs department (Jiangsu sheng hui weisheng shiwusuo 江苏省会卫生事务所) under the public security department (gonganju 公安局). When the maternity hospital opened in 1932, there were six beds with three patients, and deliveries numbered about 15 per month, including home deliveries. 234 There were plans in 1932 to establish 10 maternity homes with antenatal and postnatal supervision in 10 different counties within two years in Jiangsu province. Its goals, aside from the obvious of improving maternal and child health in rural locales, was to open up areas in which the Jiangsu Provincial Midwifery School graduates could obtain practical experience. The Jiangsu provincial government also began training old- 231 "Second Annual Report, FNMS, Beiping, July 1, 1930 - June 30, 1931," (Beiping: First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1931), box 222, series 3, sub-series 601L, RG 5, RAC, p. 24. 232 Shen Jiaying, "Report on the School and Lying-in Hospital (Ben Xiao Chanyuan Liang Zhou Shixi Zhi Jingkuang)," Shanxi shengli zhuchan xuexiao niankan (1935): 91-92. 233 "Sixth Annual Report, FNMS." 234 Ibid., Appendix III, xix. 88
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
Page 45 and 46: Well into the twentieth century, mo
Page 47 and 48: pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
Page 49 and 50: This ideal of aseptic births to dec
Page 51 and 52: medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
Page 53 and 54: y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
Page 55 and 56: named the Turner Training School fo
Page 57 and 58: Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
Page 59 and 60: Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
Page 61 and 62: Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
Page 63 and 64: clinic at the temple, I presume for
Page 65 and 66: It later became the Beiyang Naval M
Page 67 and 68: and college continued jointly by th
Page 69 and 70: sent her sons to the mission school
Page 71 and 72: nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
Page 73 and 74: College for Women in Peking (establ
Page 75 and 76: medical colleges with a national st
Page 77 and 78: critical of the quality of the Chin
Page 79 and 80: Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
Page 83 and 84: authority that had previously been
Page 85 and 86: After the start of the Nationalist
Page 87 and 88: schools. The 28 medical schools in
Page 89 and 90: crisis in maternal and child health
Page 91 and 92: the only course for China to take i
Page 93 and 94: The maternity ward practice grouped
Page 95: was established for nurses to recei
Page 99 and 100: Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
Page 101 and 102: were established for each 50,000 pe
Page 103 and 104: Health Administration offered a gra
Page 105 and 106: Chen did institute successful progr
Page 107 and 108: February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
Page 109 and 110: as “Maternity and Child Health He
Page 111 and 112: 卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
Page 113 and 114: 1930s, the following schools were e
Page 115 and 116: midwife or physician in attendance,
Page 117 and 118: in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120: and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148:
The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
Page 239 and 240:
Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268:
My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274:
those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276:
all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282:
d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286:
"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287 and 288:
Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290:
Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291 and 292:
Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296:
Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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