BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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T'ao, Lee. "Some Statistics on Medical Schools in China for 1932-1933." Chinese Medical Journal XLVII (1933): 1029-39. Tang, Chindon Yiu. "Woman's Education in China." Bulletins on Chinese Education 9, no. 2 (1923): 1-36. Tao, S.M. "Medical Education of Chinese Women." The Medical and Professional Woman's Journal (1934): 73-76. Tatchell, W. Arthur. "The Training of Male Nurses." The China Medical Journal 26, no. 5 (1912): 269-73. Taylor, Edward Stewart. History of the American Gynecological Society 1876-1981 and American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1888-1981. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company, 1985. Taylor, Kim. Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China (1945-1963): Medicine of Revolution. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004. Thomson, Jos. C., MD. "Native Practice and Practitioners." The China Medical Missionary Journal 4, no. 3 (1890): 185-91. Tomes, Nancy. The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Topley, Marjorie. "Marriage Resistance in Rural Kwangtung." In Women in Chinese Society, edited by Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, 67-88. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. Tseng, Lily. "Midwifery." The China Medical Journal 44, no. 5 (1930): 431-34. Tsin, Michael. Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China: Canton 1900-1927. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. Tucker, Sara Waitstill. "The Canton Hospital and Medicine in Nineteenth Century China, 1835- 1900." PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1983. "Union Medical College for Women, Peking." The China Medical Journal 23, no. 5 (1909): 334- 5. "Union School for Nurses, Peking." The China Medical Journal 23, no. 5 (1909): 344-45. Van Hollen, Cecilia. Birth on the Threshold: Childbirth and Modernity in South India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 285
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
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CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
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physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
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Hopkins served as the model for med
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third wife and came from a rich fam
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However, Yang was drawn to the plig
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During the next section (January to
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addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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future, since one-third of present
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Local midwifery organizations could
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supported career woman. Several con
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Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
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Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
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Field Health Station and the FNMS,
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pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
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social standing in their community.
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leaders penned treatises on the imp
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traditional Chinese and/or scientif
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the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244: A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246: Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248: we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249 and 250: Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 251 and 252: Along with images of people, these
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
Page 255 and 256: MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
Page 257 and 258: - Simpson’s straight perforator -
Page 259 and 260: wonders how a jieshengpo could have
Page 261 and 262: elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
Page 263 and 264: CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
Page 265 and 266: often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268: My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
Page 269 and 270: 1941, she helped to establish Sichu
Page 271 and 272: centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274: those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276: all women go to hospitals to have t
Page 277 and 278: examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282: d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286: "Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287 and 288: Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290: Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291 and 292: Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293: Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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