BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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Figure 5.9: First National Midwifery School class of trained old-style midwives, ca. 1929 Reproduced from John Z. Bowers, Western Medicine in a Chinese Palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951 (The Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1972). 241
Along with images of people, these school publications nearly always include photographs of the schools’ very modern equipment and facilities. See, for example, Figure 5.10, a collage of the Guangzhou Municipal Hospital’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Department from its 1935 Annual Report. What young woman considering the medical profession would not want to be associated with this prestigious facility with its modern equipment? Schools and hospitals like Tuqiang and the Guangzhou Municipal Hospital adopted the most modern and scientific Western medical practices and equipment as they became available. Figure 5.10 shows a modern birthing room, department head Dr. Huang, the obstetrics ward, a newborn examination, and an examination of a pregnant woman at the Guangzhou Municipal Hospital OB/GYN ward. From the First National Midwifery School in Beijing, notice how all the equipment in Figure 5.11 is arrayed neatly on the sterile, white cloth-covered table. The kit includes a razor for episiotomy or other small incisions, a pair of scissors for cutting the umbilical cord, artery clamps in case of heavy bleeding, hypodermic needle and medicine dropper to administer medication to the mother and baby, sterile pads to clean or to halt bleeding, a scale to weigh the infant and possibly the placenta, and silver nitrate eye drops to prevent eye infections. Although we have no photograph, imagine what the old-style midwife’s equipment may have looked like, and how it may have been arranged. She most likely carried with her some special medicines, herbs, and charms, perhaps some rope or cloths. Most of her equipment was probably fashioned from whatever household utensils the family had: a pan of boiling water, a sharp knife. Dr. Marion Yang wrote in 1928 that in the past, the traditional jieshengpo “never furnished anything, only borrowing the following implements from the patients: ‘House hold’ 242
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
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CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
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physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
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Hopkins served as the model for med
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third wife and came from a rich fam
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However, Yang was drawn to the plig
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During the next section (January to
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addition, Beiping would be the muni
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$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
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course schools” throughout China.
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Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
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Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
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The first class opened in July 1931
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“poor theoretical instruction.”
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sessions given by an obstetrician o
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Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
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school wished to train them in fill
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in the city, undertaking periodical
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efresher courses each for local mod
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conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
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educational visits to instruct moth
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section. They accompanied the atten
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of discharge from the hospital, one
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Midwifery School and a key player i
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November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
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Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
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deaths. At the hospital that year,
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New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
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However, the largest number of wome
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Marion Yang and the First National
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egistration of births. In this way,
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In his book on professionals in Rep
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three-quarters of the profession, b
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MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
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applied their organizational struct
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participate in any scheme which pre
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THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
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health policy. In fact, in the 1930
Page 199 and 200: future, since one-third of present
Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204: supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206: Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222: Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
Page 223 and 224: therefore they had less life- and s
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Page 227 and 228: give the fetus favorable emotional
Page 229 and 230: weak nations of the East, but we ca
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
Page 235 and 236: major impact on health policy and a
Page 237 and 238: and hat. She has the images and doc
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
Page 241 and 242: we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244: A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246: Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248: we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249: Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
Page 255 and 256: MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
Page 257 and 258: - Simpson’s straight perforator -
Page 259 and 260: wonders how a jieshengpo could have
Page 261 and 262: elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
Page 263 and 264: CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
Page 265 and 266: often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268: My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
Page 269 and 270: 1941, she helped to establish Sichu
Page 271 and 272: centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274: those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276: all women go to hospitals to have t
Page 277 and 278: examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282: d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286: "Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287 and 288: Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290: Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291 and 292: Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294: Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296: Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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