BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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Confined mothers Newborn babies Table 3.5: First National Midwifery School, Morbidity and Mortality of Confined Mothers and Newborn Babies (2 weeks after confinement) With antenatal care Living 7/1/1933- 6/30/1934 Dead Without antenatal care Living Dead With antenatal care Living 7/1/1932- 6/30/1933 Dead Without antenatal care Living Dead With antenatal care Living 7/1/1932- 6/30/1931 Dead Without antenatal care 1,164 2 221 2 934 1 172 4 778 3 109 4 1,291 34 254 17 1,023 26 184 17 866 14 140 15 With antenatal care Living 7/1/1931- 6/30/1930 Dead Without antenatal care Living Dead With antenatal care Living 7/1/1929- 6/30/1930 Dead Without antenatal care Confined mothers 422 1 92 2 152 0 80 1 Newborn babies 462 4 88 5 150 6 42 6 (The newborn deaths include stillbirths and “monsters.”) Reproduced from the “Fifth Annual Report, FNMS,” 1933-34, p. 19. 167 Living Dead Living Dead
New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6: First National Midwifery School Clinic Attendance, 1930-1934 1933- 1932- 1931- 1930- 1929- 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 Antepartum 2,157 1,719 1,297 731 224 Postpartum 1,527 1,194 1,055 693 137 Child Welfare 1,236 970 576 329 63 Gynecological 558 396 298 188 56 Total new cases 5,477 4,279 3,226 1,941 480 Antepartum 5,435 3,771 3,145 1,464 355 Postpartum 1,228 949 765 478 75 Child Welfare 3,811 2,653 1,325 479 38 Gynecological 565 481 268 142 8 Total Return Visits 11,039 7,854 5,503 2,563 476 Total Attendance 16,516 12,133 8,729 4,504 956 Reproduced from the “Fifth Annual Report, FNMS,” 1933-34, p. 9. Furthermore, the number of expectant mothers who took advantage of prenatal care rose dramatically between the first and second quarters of 1930, from only seven percent in the first quarter to 69 percent in the second. Clinic attendance increased as well for prenatal, postpartum, infant, and gynecology cases, from 223 in the first quarter of 1930 to 555 in the second quarter. This is due in part to the fact that the maternity work of the First Health Demonstration Station was transferred to the FNMS in March 1930. 418 In 1933-34, there were only four maternal deaths out of 1,641 confined cases (2.44 percent). Two of these were cases with antenatal supervision, and two without. However, the rate of death among those without antenatal supervision was significantly higher (6.62 percent, or 2 out of 302 women who received antenatal care, both of whom had been handled by an old-style midwife). The maternal death rate among women who received antenatal care was 1.49 percent (2 out of 1,339). The number 418 "Second Quarterly Report, 1930: First Midwifery School, Peiping," (Peiping: First Midwifery School, 1930), folder 372, box 45, series 601, RG 1, RAC. 168
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
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6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148: The first class opened in July 1931
Page 149 and 150: “poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173 and 174: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204: supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206: Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222: Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
Page 223 and 224: therefore they had less life- and s
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
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Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
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Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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