BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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included Dingxian (see Chapter Two), the YWCAs of Wuchang (Hubei province) and Wujiang (Anhui province), Yenching University’s Department of Sociology, the Local Gentry Association of Yutian (Hebei province), the Taixian County Government (Jiangsu province), the Nanjing Municipal Government, and the Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provincial Governments. Marion Yang made preliminary investigations of local conditions in each of these areas and drew up tentative plans for improving these locales’ maternal and child health. Yang helped to create and open the Central National Midwifery School in Nanjing modeled on the FNMS (see Chapter Two), of which she was director for the first three months of its existence. She also gave technical assistance to numerous other fledgling maternal and child health programs around the country, such as provincial programs in Jiangxi and Jiangsu, and municipal programs like Gaoqiao Public Health Model Village in Shanghai. Yang was also very interested in improving maternal and child health in the countryside: “It has been felt that, considering the present state of China, we give too thorough training to maternity and child health officers and workers. However, if we consider our large rural population (85%), our economic education and transportation, it becomes necessary to set up strong units in the rural centers that they may handle both physiological and pathological conditions. We can not progress by referring the pathological cases to urban hospitals.” 403 In rural areas, the FNMS assisted Dingxian and Qinghe, two model mass education movement districts (see Chapter Two), as well as providing technical assistance to rural, provincial, and urban areas around the country. Between September 1933 and May 1934 alone, Yang made technical assistance visits to Shanghai (September 29-October 8), Zhenjiang and Taixian (Jiangsu province, October 30-November 2), Nanzhang and Hankou (Jiangxi province, 403 Marion Yang, letter to Dr. W.A. Sawyer, Beiping, January 21, 1937, folder 374, box 45, series 601, RG 1, RAC. 161
November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou (March 10), and Xian (Shaanxi province, May 13-31). Marion Yang’s vision was thus not limited to Beijing. She worked to extend the influence of modern maternal and child health throughout China. Aside from the director, other FNMS staff members were often sent to fledgling programs in rural and urban areas to help administer midwifery schools and maternal and child health initiatives. For example, by 1934, all of the FNMS’s senior staff was sent elsewhere. Four midwives and one physician went to the Central Midwifery School in Nanjing; one physician and one midwife were sent to take charge of the Shaanxi Provincial Midwifery School in Xian; one physician and two midwives went to the Jiangxi Provincial Midwifery School in Nanchang; and one physician and one midwife went to Lanzhou, Gansu, to open a provincial midwifery school there. 404 SUCCESSES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF <strong>THE</strong> FNMS Was the First National Midwifery School successful? Did it do its intended job of training midwives with the purpose of lowering maternal and infant mortality rates? By 1934, there were nearly 2,000 registered midwives in China. In comparison, there were an estimated 400,000 untrained midwives, who were blamed for the majority of infant and maternal deaths. 405 Still, even in Peking in 1931, half of all births were attended by old-style midwives, and 25 percent by relatives or with no help from others. 406 The total number of FNMS graduates was small but influential. The FNMS initially had facilities to house 40 midwifery students, and in 1929 the school had 10 students in each of the 404 "Sixth Annual Report, FNMS." 405 Dr. John B. Grant, letter to Victor Heiser, March 16, 1931, folder 373, series 601, box 45, RG 1, RAC. 406 Grant, "Midwifery Training." 162
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120: and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122: standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148: The first class opened in July 1931
Page 149 and 150: “poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 173 and 174: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175 and 176: deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204: supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206: Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
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Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
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therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
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Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296:
Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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