BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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The FNMS services were popular from the beginning. The clinic saw 480 new clients between November 1929 and June 1930, with 476 additional return visits (See Table 3.6). 410 The hospital was expanded a few years later to house 65 beds. The delivery service between November 1929 and June 1930 delivered 126 babies in the maternity hospital and another 89 at the patients’ homes. 411 In 1930-31, there were 4,504 clinic visits and 597 deliveries. 412 By 1932, students of the FNMS had attended 1,369 deliveries, and had seen 7,103 antenatal cases, 2,248 postpartum cases, and 1,826 well-baby clinic cases. 413 However, that same year the clinic attendance was about 40 percent lower than expected, due to the fact that the clinic was moved to a more distant location on Jiaodaokou in North City. Most of the FNMS’s patients came from central and southern Beijing. The FNMS hoped that after the patients got used to the new location, attendance would soon grow to 25,000 with 1,500 deliveries per annum. 414 By 1933, the clinic saw 4,279 total new cases and 7,854 total return visits, for clinic attendance of 12,133. 415 That is far short of the 25,000 goal, but it is apparent that the clinic’s attendance was growing steadily. One of the most telling statistics is that between 1929 and 1935, hospital deliveries rose from 125 to 1,538, an astounding increase. Furthermore, home deliveries attended by FNMS midwives increased from 89 to 388. The total number of deliveries by modern midwives from FNMS rose from 214 to 1,926 in this period, a ninefold increase in only six years (see Table 3.4). 416 The clinic was also successful. Of the 89 women who received antenatal care and delivered at home between 1929 and 1930, there were no maternal deaths and only six infant 410 "First Annual Report, FNMS," 7. 411 Ibid, 8. 412 "Second Annual Report, FNMS," 7. 413 "Hygiene and Public Health: The First National Midwifery School, Peiping." 414 "Fourth Annual Report, FNMS." 415 "Fifth Annual Report, FNMS," 8. 416 "Sixth Annual Report, FNMS," 14. 165
deaths. At the hospital that year, one mother died and 17 infants died, including eight stillbirths and three “monsters” (extremely deformed fetuses, usually still-born) (See Table 3.5 on maternal and infant deaths and Table 3.6 on clinic attendance). The FNMS Annual Report explains the deaths by stating that “most of these cases were first handled and later referred to [the First National Midwifery] school by old-type midwives.” 417 In any case, the three percent and 12 percent maternal and infant mortality rates, respectively, are substantial improvements over the usual nationwide mortality rate of 25-30 percent. 417 "First Annual Report, FNMS," 8-9. 166
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BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
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Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
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family and community. This research
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for t
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PREFACE This work would have not be
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healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
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New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
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traditional Chinese medical profess
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Republican and Nationalist eras (19
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the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
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unscientific jumble of superstition
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maternal and child health care cent
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uilding efforts after the fall of t
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ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
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IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
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modern medicine as soon as it was a
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In addition to the culturally imper
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(1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
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irths were attended by untrained mi
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Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
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more important in making government
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CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
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Well into the twentieth century, mo
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pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
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This ideal of aseptic births to dec
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medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
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y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
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named the Turner Training School fo
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Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
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Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
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Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
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clinic at the temple, I presume for
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It later became the Beiyang Naval M
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and college continued jointly by th
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sent her sons to the mission school
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nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
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College for Women in Peking (establ
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medical colleges with a national st
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critical of the quality of the Chin
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Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
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CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
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authority that had previously been
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After the start of the Nationalist
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schools. The 28 medical schools in
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crisis in maternal and child health
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the only course for China to take i
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The maternity ward practice grouped
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was established for nurses to recei
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Department of Education in 1931. Du
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Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
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were established for each 50,000 pe
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Health Administration offered a gra
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Chen did institute successful progr
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February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
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as “Maternity and Child Health He
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卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
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1930s, the following schools were e
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midwife or physician in attendance,
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in a “foreign style” and funded
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and controlled by the state. As soo
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standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124: 6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128: physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130: Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132: third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134: However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136: During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138: addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140: $67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142: course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146: Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148: The first class opened in July 1931
Page 149 and 150: “poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152: sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154: Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156: school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158: in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160: efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162: conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164: educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166: section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168: of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170: Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172: November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173: Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 177 and 178: New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180: However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182: Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184: egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186: In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188: three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190: MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192: applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194: participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196: THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198: health policy. In fact, in the 1930
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Page 201 and 202: Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204: supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206: Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208: Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210: Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212: pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214: social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216: leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218: traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220: the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222: Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
Page 223 and 224: therefore they had less life- and s
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to oneself could be passed on to on
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give the fetus favorable emotional
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weak nations of the East, but we ca
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Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
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Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
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major impact on health policy and a
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and hat. She has the images and doc
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Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
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we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
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A similar organization in Changsha,
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Articles about these clubs in Weste
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we can see a struggle not just over
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Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
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Along with images of people, these
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Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
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MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
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- Simpson’s straight perforator -
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wonders how a jieshengpo could have
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elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
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CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
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often moved around for jobs or took
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My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
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1941, she helped to establish Sichu
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centers that included maternal and
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those trained were midwives or “y
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all women go to hospitals to have t
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examinations, supine position, and
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APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
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d. Make investigation into existing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
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"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
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Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290:
Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
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Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
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Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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