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fashioning what looked to be a permanent underclass, one stripped of its possibility of escape,<br />

turned against itself. Scientific management had proven its value, although what that was<br />

obviously depended on one’s perspective.<br />

17 Down from 355,000 in 1900.<br />

18 None of this apparatus of checks and balances ever worked exactly as intended. A degraded, demoralized<br />

teaching staff (and even many demoralized administrators) lacks interest or even energy to police the system<br />

effectively. Gross abuses are legion, the custom almost everywhere; records are changed, numbers regularly<br />

falsified. A common habit in my day was to fill out phony lunch forms en masse to make schools eligible for Title I<br />

monies. The chief legal officer for the state of California told me in Sacramento a few years ago that his state was<br />

unable to effectively monitor the compulsory attendance laws, a truth I can vouch for from firsthand experience.<br />

Table of Contents<br />

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