Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTS The following table shows data on the quality of the natural resource neem seed, indicating the azadirachtin content as known to GTZ: Table 4.1 Azadirachtin content of neem kernel in samples from different origins: Country Azadirachtin (mg/g) Gambia 2.98 Ghana 6.2-6.9 Accra 5, 34 Brong Ahafo Region 4, 19 Northern 4,87 Guinea-Bissau 2.4 Kenya 6.81-8.8 Madagascar 2.2-4.4 Mali 2.05 Mauritania 5.4 Mozambique 2.8-4.83 Niger 3.40 Senegal 3.30-9.0 Sudan 2.53 Togo 5.40 Zanzibar 4.80 St. Lucia 2,9 Thailand 5.20 India 5.14 Dom. Republic 3.43 Ecuador 3.99 97
5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE NEEM USAGE 5. Prospects and Possibilities for Future Neem Usage Even though it is not possible to state concretely the extent to which neem is used throughout the world, this plant’s potential is more than evident. Some countries are on the way to harnessing this potential for a broad section of the population, neem’s usage as a natural pesticide is one of the key examples of this. On the other hand it is however clear that neem is still underexploited e.g. even in India only approx. 30% of the neem seeds are harvest. After periods of cautious attempts at testing and integrating neem trials into projects of technical cooperation in the 1970s and a period of comprehensive research in the 1980s, GTZ started in the 1990s to work out practice-related concepts to exploit the potential of neem trees in development countries. While forestry, health, rural development and fishery sections of GTZ had different sideactivities on neem, the section “plant protection and storage” developed concepts to make use of neem most consistently. In the early stages the most popular strategy was that small farmers or farmers' associations should produce their own pesticides. Simple techniques were worked out to promote this strategy. Evaluations such as those of MAERZ (11), LEUPOLZ (10) MOSER (1996), and NAIK et al. (38) demonstrate the constraints on these concepts. Experience from governmental extension services and NGOs e.g. in Sri Lanka, Chad, Thailand and elsewhere in the tropics shows that 2-45% (35, 42) of the farmers who have access to neem and know how to prepare and use neem extracts see neem as a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides (14, 43, own data). This is also the case in countries with low labour costs where neem extracts are economically more viable than synthetic pesticides, such as in Sri Lanka and Madagascar (KUDAGAMAGE 1998, RAKOTOARIVONY 1998, both presentations on seminars). The majority of farmers, however, prefer ready-to-use pesticides, which should be locally available at a reasonable price (MOSER 1996, 43). Subsequently, in the late 1990s GTZ put emphasis on the promotion of formulated and compatible neem-based pesticides with much greater market potential. Currently wide use of ready-to-use neem products is limited by their often high price of the products manufactured in industrialized countries. This is why neem pesticides are mainly used only in niche markets such as organic farming, private gardens, and in the case of resistant pests or those difficult to control. Neemproducts manufactured in developing countries could be much cheaper as it can be seen from Kenya, Thailand especially if a strong competition exists such as in India. Neem is currently used as a supplement or alternative to other high-priced biological control agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis products or to specialised selective synthetic pesticides. It would be however desirable from the environmental, health and political points of view that neem-based pesticides become a more compatible alternative even for standard pesticides considering the costs only. 98
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ivi Division 45 Rural Development W
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Table of Contents Page Foreword for
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Foreword for the 2 nd Edition FOREW
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SUMMARY Indeed, neem has been effec
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2. Global Neem Dissemination and Us
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2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND US
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2.2 Potential Uses of Neem 2. GLOBA
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Table 2.4: Analysis of neem oil for
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• Repellent and inhibition of fee
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SOURCES: • mainly. Schmutterer (1
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• Use of neem as a home-made pest
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3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICID
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Table 3.6: Commercial neem-based pe
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3.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire
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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
Page 50 and 51: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
Page 52 and 53: Project: "Neem Cake as Nematicide"
Page 58 and 59: UNIDO/GTZ 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-CO
Page 70 and 71: PT. Multi Planextrac 4. NEEM IN DEV
Page 72 and 73: GTZ IPM Horticulture Project Time f
Page 76 and 77: MALAWI 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPE
Page 80 and 81: Literature: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-
Page 84 and 85: AFGRO- Uni Minnesota/USAID Time fra
Page 86 and 87: PAKISTAN 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COO
Page 92 and 93: SURINAM 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOP
Page 102 and 103: 5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
Page 104 and 105: 6. Outlook 6. OUTLOOK In many devel
Page 106 and 107: Annex ANNEX 103
Page 108 and 109: ANNEX 14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtsch
Page 110 and 111: ANNEX 41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER
Page 112 and 113: ANNEX GERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (
Page 114 and 115: ANNEX List of addresses of those or
Page 116 and 117: - Coopération de Soyo, Martin Diet
Page 118 and 119: List of Publications on Neem of GTZ
Page 120 and 121: ANNEX HELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (199
Page 122 and 123: ANNEX International Institute of Tr
Page 124 and 125: ANNEX SOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K. & S
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Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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