Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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• Repellent and inhibition of feeding: 3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE Plants that have been treated with neem are no longer attractive to insects and are avoided by them. Larvae or sedentary insects which cannot escape eat and suck on considerably fewer leaves. • Metamorphosis-inhibitor: Insect larvae that chew or suck on neem-treated plants suffer irreversible damage caused by hormonal disturbances. They are unable to moult. • Impaired fitness and reproductive ability: Eating and sucking on neem-treated plants renders many insects unable to fly or copulate, which results in reduced infestation by subsequent generations. • Egg-laying deterrent: Many insects make a point of avoiding plants that have been treated with neem. The seeds are primarily used as insecticides. They can be used in the form of simple aqueous extracts or as a basic raw material for formulated pesticides. Leaves are also used in simple aqueous extracts to repel insects. • Use as a nematicide Using neem to control soil-borne pests such as nematodes is a subject that has undergone much research and practical testing in India in particular. The most common form of application is the press cake which is worked into the soil a few weeks before sowing. In this way it is possible to reduce, to a considerable extent, the reproduction and population density of numerous phytopathogenic nematode species. There are many indications that neem’s efficacy against nematodes is heavily dependent upon the prevailing soil conditions. • Use as a fungicide Using neem against phytopathegenic fungi has not been so intensively investigated as yet as its effects on insect pests. However, neem has been proven to be effective in the case of certain economically important fungal diseases. The most effective preparations are emulsions based on neem oil. It was found that fungicidal activity was due to the mixture of several compounds (both additive and synergistic effects); single isolated substances were not found to be effective against fungi. The addition of certain salts such as sodium hydrogen carbonate can enhance fungicidal action against certain species of fungi (e.g. powdery mildew). Press cake and leaf extracts are also used against soil-borne fungal diseases. • Use as a molluscicide Neem is only being used to control these types of pests on a small scale. Deterrent effects on land snails have been observed and in tropical countries neem has proven to be 23
3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE 24 very effective against numerous types of water snail that often transmit illnesses to humans (e.g. bilharzia). • Use as acaricide Neem oil emulsions and alcoholic neem extracts have a negative effect on the reproductive capacity of spider mites (44). The oil also affects the habitats of mites, which become stuck in their webs and thus cannot propagate properly; neem oil also causes severe dehydration of these animals. • Use as bactericide and viricide All raw materials from neem have been found to have bactericidal properties, although their efficacy is not comparable with other known bactericides such as antibiotics. However neem may be able to play an important role in long-term prevention of bacterial disease when applied regularly. Neem can affect the course of viral diseases of plants for the better. The exact mechanism of such effects has not yet been investigated sufficiently, although it seems that a large number of factors are involved, e.g. the population density of most vectors is severely depleted. The positive effects are also enhanced by the general plant-strengthening effects of neem as well as by its positive effects on growth, nutrition and the immediate environment. Table 3.1: Neem usage as pesticide Neem use as: Examples of principal pests Insecticide More than 400 species are <strong>report</strong>ed, most of them from the following insect orders: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Caelifera, Thysanoptera or ...insect groups: larvae of butterflies and beetles, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, thrips, true bugs, aphids, whiteflies, midges and flies Nematicide Endoparastic species of Meloidogyne and Globodera ectoparastic species of Hoplolaimus and Tylenchorhynchus semiendoparasitic species of Rotylenchus and Pratylenchus Fungicide Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia slerotiorum, Botrytis cinera, Penicillium expansum, Glomerella cingulata, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Plasmopara viticula, Diplocarpon rosae, Oidium sp. and rust pathogens Moluscicide Water snails as vectors of diseases such as Melania scabra (schistosomiasis) phytophagous land-snails in greenhouses and horticulture Acaricide Tetranychus cinnabarinus, T. urticae, Panonychus citri blood-sucking parasites of man and domestic animals Bactericide Plant pathogens Viricide Animal and plant viruses
Page 2 and 3: ivi Division 45 Rural Development W
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Foreword for
Page 6 and 7: Foreword for the 2 nd Edition FOREW
Page 8 and 9: SUMMARY Indeed, neem has been effec
Page 10 and 11: 2. Global Neem Dissemination and Us
Page 12 and 13: 2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND US
Page 14 and 15: 2.2 Potential Uses of Neem 2. GLOBA
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.4: Analysis of neem oil for
Page 28 and 29: SOURCES: • mainly. Schmutterer (1
Page 30 and 31: • Use of neem as a home-made pest
Page 32 and 33: 3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICID
Page 40 and 41: Table 3.6: Commercial neem-based pe
Page 42 and 43: 3.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire
Page 48 and 49: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
Page 52 and 53: Project: "Neem Cake as Nematicide"
Page 58 and 59: UNIDO/GTZ 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-CO
Page 70 and 71: PT. Multi Planextrac 4. NEEM IN DEV
Page 72 and 73: GTZ IPM Horticulture Project Time f
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MALAWI 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPE
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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
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Literature: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-
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AFGRO- Uni Minnesota/USAID Time fra
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PAKISTAN 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COO
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SURINAM 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOP
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5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
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6. Outlook 6. OUTLOOK In many devel
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Annex ANNEX 103
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ANNEX 14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtsch
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ANNEX 41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER
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ANNEX GERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (
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ANNEX List of addresses of those or
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- Coopération de Soyo, Martin Diet
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List of Publications on Neem of GTZ
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ANNEX HELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (199
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ANNEX International Institute of Tr
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ANNEX SOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K. & S
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Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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