Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGE pesticides. In all other countries, commercial neem products account for only a modest share of the market. Seen globally, neem-based pesticides are already the most important commercial neem products. 21
3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE 3. Neem as a Non-synthetic Pesticide 3.1 Historical Importance of Neem as a Non-synthetic Pesticide In comparison to the traditional, centuries-old neem applications, the use of neem as a nonsynthetic pesticide is a relatively new one, although one exception here is stock protection using neem oil and leaves, which has been practised on the Indian subcontinent for many centuries (2, 13, 15, 19). Neem’s insect-repellent effect was first described by Indian researchers in the 1920s. Greater recognition was granted to the observations made by the German entomologist Heinrich Schmutterer at the end of the 1950s in Sudan who described how huge swarms of locusts swept over the country destroying every type of plant but the neem tree. There had to be a reason for this phenomenon and intensive research was conducted into the possible insecticidal agents in the neem tree. Since then, numerous research projects in India, initiated by Germany and the USA as well as some other industrialised countries, have illustrated neem’s multifaceted potential for use as a pesticide (2, 13, 15-21, 24). In recent years, know-how stemming from this comprehensive research into neem has increasingly found its way into TC projects. As a result, knowledge about the neem tree and its insecticidal properties has been disseminated in many countries throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is significant that in many countries in which neem has now been commonplace for a long time, the potential for its usage as an environmentally friendly pesticide is very great indeed, but by no means fully exploited (3, 5, 7, 8, 11). 3.2 How Does Neem Work? Numerous research results have shown that neem and its components have a variety of effects on pests (2, 13, 15-21, 24). More than 140 active principles (MORGAN 1999, Vancouver Int. Neem Conf.) have been identified to date which occur in different parts of the tree. The most important agents include the azadirachtin derivatives, which belong to the group of triterpenoids. Azadirachtins are among the most effective known insecticides and are found in greatest concentrations in the seed core (0.1 - 0.9%). 30 - 60 g azadirachtin per hectare suffice to combat and repel the key biting and sucking pests (5, 7). Besides its effect on insects, neem can also be used to control nematodes, phytopathogenic fungi, spider mites and snails (2, 13, 15, 19). Below are neem’s key forms of application as a pesticide (13, 15, 19): • Use as an insecticide 22 Neem’s usage as an insecticide is the most widespread and widely researched. Its insecticidal effect is known to work in various ways:
Page 2 and 3: ivi Division 45 Rural Development W
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Foreword for
Page 6 and 7: Foreword for the 2 nd Edition FOREW
Page 8 and 9: SUMMARY Indeed, neem has been effec
Page 10 and 11: 2. Global Neem Dissemination and Us
Page 12 and 13: 2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND US
Page 14 and 15: 2.2 Potential Uses of Neem 2. GLOBA
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.4: Analysis of neem oil for
Page 26 and 27: • Repellent and inhibition of fee
Page 28 and 29: SOURCES: • mainly. Schmutterer (1
Page 30 and 31: • Use of neem as a home-made pest
Page 32 and 33: 3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICID
Page 40 and 41: Table 3.6: Commercial neem-based pe
Page 42 and 43: 3.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire
Page 48 and 49: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
Page 52 and 53: Project: "Neem Cake as Nematicide"
Page 58 and 59: UNIDO/GTZ 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-CO
Page 70 and 71: PT. Multi Planextrac 4. NEEM IN DEV
Page 72 and 73: GTZ IPM Horticulture Project Time f
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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
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MALAWI 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPE
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Literature: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-
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AFGRO- Uni Minnesota/USAID Time fra
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PAKISTAN 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COO
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SURINAM 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOP
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5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
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6. Outlook 6. OUTLOOK In many devel
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Annex ANNEX 103
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ANNEX 14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtsch
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ANNEX 41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER
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ANNEX GERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (
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ANNEX List of addresses of those or
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- Coopération de Soyo, Martin Diet
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List of Publications on Neem of GTZ
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ANNEX HELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (199
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ANNEX International Institute of Tr
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ANNEX SOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K. & S
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Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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