Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE As mentioned above more economical in depth investigation are necessary and all criteria has to be taken into consideration to get a more precise picture about the economy of neem based pesticide application. Given the above figures there is still the perception that neem pesticides are too expensive and can only compete under the given frame conditions in niche markets. Therefore the following questions are of importance: • Are the current prices determined by the technology, management skills or form of marketing or • if all the factors are optimised – are the current product prices reflecting the laborious provision of raw material. Additionally it would be of interest which frame conditions must be changed to enable neem pesticides a higher market share. Details of the study are presented elsewhere (34, 37): Based on the one step extraction technology the following results were gained: • The scale of production costs decreases when a greater quantity of pesticide is produced. • Marketing and distribution system of the present neem products are underdeveloped Both factors alone would enable a price reduction of 25%-30%, which would make the neem pesticides much more competitive with standard synthetic pesticides. Precondition would be higher investments in machinery and most of all in effective marketing and distribution systems. A constraint might be in the long term a shortage of high quality raw material. Concerning the frame conditions main recommendations where: • Governmental research and extension systems should work out integrated cropping systems which make use of neem products (e.g. IPM, organic farming systems) and • demonstrate and train farmers to use these systems. • The import of neem raw material and products should be free of tax (as it is currently the case with synthetic pesticides in many DC) • Environmental and forestry departments should consider the planting of neem trees for fruit production in their programmes (planting space) One great handicap is the poor marketing and the resulting limited access that farmers have to neem pesticides, particularly in those developing countries where neem products are manufactured. The manufacturers are generally NGOs or small scale businesses with comparatively small capital available to be invested in the marketing the products. In addition, most of them are not integrated into the existing structures for distributing pesticides. India is the one exception, since here there is a series of small, medium-sized and larger enterprises manufacturing neem pesticides (of varying quality) and other neem products. The marketing is professionally organised and demonstration and training of IPM systems which are integrating neem products are supported by the government. 31
3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE Comparing the economic aspects of a biological neem pesticide with synthetic pesticides is something that needs to be considered separately for each country concerned, since the prices of synthetic pesticides and neem seeds differ from country to country. Although there is a general tendency to abolish subsidies in many DC based on the pressure of the World Bank and other donors, yet cheap synthetic pesticides are one decisive factor inhibiting the spread of neem pesticides. Chemical pesticides are still often subsidised by governments or even made available by them, to encourage the growers to use pesticides in the first place. However, even in countries where pesticides are not subsidised, neem products have to date been relatively expensive and are offered at prices 30%-40% higher than such standard products as Karate, Decis etc. (34, 36,37) since it is more promising for the small manufacturers to go for the high-quality, high-priced niche markets (35, 36). Still, a potential market already exists for neem pesticides in niche markets where neem competes more with other high-priced conventional and biological pesticides such as IGR, Bt products etc. Niche markets served include organic farming, cases of pest resistance where conventional pesticides have failed, and crops where pesticide residue cannot be allowed due to consumer sensitivity. The latter case is of increasing significance due to the recently enforced EU regulation and the Consumer Act in the US. Additionally, neem pesticides have a good future potential application as a standard in certain cash crops, and there might also be the possibility of moving into mass markets, reducing the price and competing with conventional pesticides. This however bears a risk for small neem manufacturers who do not have sufficient capital to offer pesticides at low rates to establish themselves on a particular market, as the huge supra-national agro-chemical suppliers do. It is also doubtful whether such a way of marketing is necessary, since there are several examples of neem being applied less frequently and therefore working out cheaper in the medium-term than conventional pesticides. This is due to the fact that the agro-system is more stable when neem is used than when conventional pesticides are applied, and favours natural antagonists. In addition neem is also strengthen the physiology of the plants. It should not be forgotten that until now the long-term costs of synthetic products have not been considered – that is, their lasting effects on the natural environment. For example, synthetic pesticides may contaminate water or cause poisoning or allergies, which in turn may incur immense costs for society in general. The authorities should cover the long time costs by taxes on pesticides according to their toxicity. Indeed we can find that governments in DC often subsidise or permit the import of pesticides free of taxes (in contrast to other investment goods) because they want to promote local agricultural production with the import of production factors such as agrochemical (High External Input Agriculture, “Green Revolution”) However, when assessing the economic efficiency of neem, it is important to remember that other secondary products can be obtained from the tree, which not only constitute additional potential forms of usage but also forms that can be marketed in their own right. Another 32
Page 2 and 3: ivi Division 45 Rural Development W
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Foreword for
Page 6 and 7: Foreword for the 2 nd Edition FOREW
Page 8 and 9: SUMMARY Indeed, neem has been effec
Page 10 and 11: 2. Global Neem Dissemination and Us
Page 12 and 13: 2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND US
Page 14 and 15: 2.2 Potential Uses of Neem 2. GLOBA
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.4: Analysis of neem oil for
Page 26 and 27: • Repellent and inhibition of fee
Page 28 and 29: SOURCES: • mainly. Schmutterer (1
Page 30 and 31: • Use of neem as a home-made pest
Page 32 and 33: 3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICID
Page 40 and 41: Table 3.6: Commercial neem-based pe
Page 42 and 43: 3.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire
Page 48 and 49: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
Page 52 and 53: Project: "Neem Cake as Nematicide"
Page 58 and 59: UNIDO/GTZ 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-CO
Page 70 and 71: PT. Multi Planextrac 4. NEEM IN DEV
Page 72 and 73: GTZ IPM Horticulture Project Time f
Page 76 and 77: MALAWI 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPE
Page 80 and 81: Literature: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-
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AFGRO- Uni Minnesota/USAID Time fra
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PAKISTAN 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COO
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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
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SURINAM 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOP
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5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
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6. Outlook 6. OUTLOOK In many devel
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Annex ANNEX 103
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ANNEX 14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtsch
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ANNEX 41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER
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ANNEX GERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (
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ANNEX List of addresses of those or
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- Coopération de Soyo, Martin Diet
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List of Publications on Neem of GTZ
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ANNEX HELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (199
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ANNEX International Institute of Tr
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ANNEX SOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K. & S
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Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

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