Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
Status report on global Neem usage - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
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3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE<br />
If e.g. neem oil and emulgator are supplied at the same time there is <strong>on</strong>ly little ec<strong>on</strong>omical<br />
difference and difference in handling to products such as ready-to use formulated neem oil or<br />
standardised neem cake pow<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>cerning commercial EC formulati<strong>on</strong>s additi<strong>on</strong>al factors such as the cost of extracti<strong>on</strong> has<br />
to be taken into c<strong>on</strong>si<strong>de</strong>rati<strong>on</strong>, when calculating the cost of manufacturing formulated neembased<br />
pestici<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
This group has be differentiate in a.) products based <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e step extracti<strong>on</strong> methods and b)<br />
products based <strong>on</strong> two step (aza-enrichment) extracti<strong>on</strong> method. The quality of the products<br />
is reflected in the price of the products (cf table 3.4).<br />
Table 3.3 Comparis<strong>on</strong> of <strong>on</strong>e-step and two-step extracti<strong>on</strong> methods<br />
(acccording to Ermel, 2000, pers. com.):<br />
One-step (alcoholic) extracti<strong>on</strong> Two-step extracti<strong>on</strong> plant –<br />
Azadirachtin enriched extracts<br />
ADVANTAGES:<br />
- comparable simple technology products can be easily stored (small volume)<br />
and have a l<strong>on</strong>ger shelf life<br />
- lower investment required better quality in terms of Azadirachtin c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
- ma<strong>de</strong> use of all products: no waste easier to fulfill the registrati<strong>on</strong> requirements<br />
since they c<strong>on</strong>tain no oil and/or additi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
substances<br />
- Homogenous quality (no difference between the<br />
batches)<br />
DISADVANTAGES:<br />
- Quality of the final product <strong>de</strong>pends<br />
str<strong>on</strong>gly <strong>on</strong> that of the raw material<br />
- Often lower stability/shelf live of the<br />
products<br />
higher c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of Azadirachtin, which is<br />
required for certain pests which leads to a<br />
better efficacy of the pestici<strong>de</strong><br />
less phytotoxicity due to the eleminati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
wax<br />
more easy to formulate<br />
higher investment required<br />
more complicated technology<br />
technology protected by patents and therefore<br />
often not available for small entrepreneurs<br />
For ec<strong>on</strong>omical evaluati<strong>on</strong> a product/target pest/crop-matrix is required. The effects of further<br />
active substances (except azadirachtin) and synergistic effects of the formulati<strong>on</strong>s must be<br />
taken into c<strong>on</strong>si<strong>de</strong>rati<strong>on</strong>. Further criteria such as abundance of resistant pests, pestici<strong>de</strong><br />
management, limits of pestici<strong>de</strong> residues are also of importance. To compare the product<br />
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