KARL MARX

t
576 KARL MARX: A BIOGRAPHY
in it, are exhaustively covered in H. Collins and C. Abramsky, Karl Marx
and the British Labour Movement (London, 1965). For details on the early
history of the International, see D. Rjazanoff, 'Zur Geschichte der Ersten
Internationale', Marx-Engels Archiv, 1 (1925), and the documentary record in
L. E. Mins (ed.), The Founding of the First International (New York, 1937).
3. See further, A. Ciolkosz, 'Karl Marx and the Polish Insurrection of 1863',
The Polish Review, x (1966).
4. Marx to Engels, MEW xxvm 88.
5. Ibid, xxx 324.
6. K. Marx, Manuskripte tiber die Polnische Frage (1863-1864), ed. W. Conze and
D. Hertz-Eichenrode (The Hague, 1961).
7. K. Marx, op. cit., p. 93.
8. There is a rather fanciful account in Lapinski's memoirs, published in 1878,
in which Marx is said to have shared a cab with Lapinski back to his flat
after an international meeting in Herzen's rooms. According to Lapinski,
Marx himself suggested raising a legion of 1,000 men and promised, through
a friend, to interest Prince Charles of Brunswick in providing the money to
equip them (see L. Wasilewski, 'Karl Marx und der polnische Aufstand von
1863', Polen XXVII (1915).
9. MEW XXXI 12 f. The letter incidentally shows how out of touch Marx was
with the British trade union movement: Odger was Secretary, not President,
of the London Trades Council and Cremer was a carpenter, not a mason. F.
Lessner's account ('Vor und nach 1848. Erinnerungen eines alten Kommunisten',
Deutsche Worte, 1898) differs from Marx's in that Lessner says that it
was he who was deputed by the German Workers' Educational Association
to invite Marx. But Lessner's account was written thirty years after the event.
10. The General Council of the First International, Minutes (Moscow, 1964) 1 37.
11. Ibid., 1 374.
12. Ibid., 1 376.
13. Marx to Engels, MEW xxxi 14.
14. Ibid., xxi 14.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., xxxi 16.
17. MESW 1 377.
18. Ibid., 381.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 381.
21. Marx's statement of relative pauperisation here is largely accurate, though
not the whole story: during the 1850s, real wages remained fairly steady,
though they increased rapidly just before the Address was written and in
general maintained this increase thereafter. The situation of the mass of
working people did improve slightly in an absolute sense, although the gap