Planetary Geology pdf - NASA

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words, for a rock unit that is faulted, the rock is older than the faulting event. Embayment states that a unit Òflooding intoÓ (embaying) another unit must be younger. On planetary surfaces, impact crater frequency is also used in determining stratigraphic relations. In general, older units show more craters, larger craters, and more degraded (eroded) craters than younger units. Once the stratigraphic relations have been determined, the units are listed on the map in order from oldest (at the bottom) to youngest (at the top). This is called the stratigraphic column. The final task, and the primary objective in preparing the photogeologic map, is to derive a general geologic history of the region being mapped. The geologic history synthesizes, in written format, the events that formed the surface seen in the photo -- including interpretation of the processes in the formation of rock units and events that have modified the units -- and is presented in chronological order from oldest to youngest. Figure 15.1 shows a sample geologic map, including its unit descriptions and stratigraphic column. The relative ages were determined in the following The Near Side of the Moon Questions 186 manner: The cratered terrain has more (and larger) craters than the smooth plains unit -- indicating that the cratered terrain unit is older. In addition, fault 1 cuts across the cratered terrain, but does not continue across the smooth plains. Faulting occurred after the formation of the cratered terrain and prior to the formation of the smooth plains -- indicating that the smooth plains unit is younger than the cratered terrain and fault 1. The crater and its ejecta unit occurs on top of the smooth plains unit, and thus is younger. Finally, fault 2 cuts across all the units, including the crater and its ejecta unit, and is thus the youngest event in the region. The geologic history that could be derived from this map would be similar to the following: ÒThis region was cratered and then faulted by tectonic activity. After the tectonic activity, a plains unit was emplaced. Cratering continued after the emplacement of the smooth plains unit, as seen by the craters superposed on the smooth plains and the large, young crater mapped as its own unit. Finally, there has been a continuation (or reactivation) of tectonic activity, indicated by the major fault which postdates the young crater. Ò Examine Figure 15.2, an observatory photograph of the near side of the Moon and answer the following questions: 1. Visually separate the different areas of the Moon into terrains (for example, continents and oceans on Earth). List the characteristics of each terrain. 2. Which terrain do you think is the oldest? the youngest? Explain why. This figure shows that the surface of the Moon is not the same everywhere. The terrains, however, are not units in the strictest sense. Rather, each terrain is made up of many different units; close inspection of Figure 15.2 shows small areas having distinctive characteristics and that, when observed on high resolution photographs or on the ground, are seen to be distinct rock units. Examine Figure 15.3. This photo shows in greater detail the boundary between two of the terrains you identified previously. Tape a piece of acetate or tracing paper over the photo. Mark the four corners as reference points in case the sheet shifts while you are working on it and also to allow for overlaying with other maps for comparison. Draw the contact between the rough highlands and the smooth plains. Note the feature indicated by the A on the photo. This is a graben caused by tectonic activity. The feature marked B on the photo is a ridge caused by tectonic activity. Trace these features on your map. Fill in the unit descriptions in the space provided below. Label the units on your map. Exercise Fifteen: Introduction to Photogeologic Mapping Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences EG-1998-03-109-HQ
3. What is the age relation between the graben and the highlands? (Is the graben older or younger than the highlands?) 4. What is the age relation between the highlands and the smooth plains? What observations did you use to decide? 5. What is the age relation between the ridge and the smooth plains? 6. What is the age relation between the ridge and the large crater on it? Place the geologic units and structural features identified above in their correct sequence in the stratigraphic chart below. List the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top. Youngest Oldest Unit Name Observation Interpretation Exercise Fifteen: Introduction to Photogeologic Mapping Geologic Unit Structural Features 187 EG-1998-03-109-HQ Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences
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National Aeronautics and Space Admi
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A ctivities in Planetary Geology fo
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Preface Introduction Special Note t
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We are living in a time of revoluti
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Exercise One Suggested Correlation
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Part One 1. (Answers will vary.) Vo
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5. Based on the number of pictures
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_____ 08/19/92 earthquake, central
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165° W 75°W 0° 75°E180°E 75°N
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1. a. The volcano has a circular ba
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Exercise Two Volcanism Purpose By s
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7. List some factors that might aff
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. How is it similar? Examine the vi
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N 200 m Figure 2.1. Mount Capulin,
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N Figure 2.3. Oblique aerial view o
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Figures 2.7.a., 2.7.b. Meteor Crate
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N Figure 2.9. Mosaic of Landsat fra
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1. a. Sketch should show steep side
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Exercise Three Purpose By using ste
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Gradation 2. Figure 3.4 shows a por
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. Examine the broad, steep face tha
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e. Determine the sequence of events
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Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
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Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
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N Figure 3.8. Sierra Caballos Mount
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Exercise Four Impact Cratering Inst
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Objective To determine the initial
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Name Exercise Four Impact Cratering
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Sketch area In the fourth section o
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Part C Shot 1 (smallest) Shot 2 (ne
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10 km Exercise Four: Impact Crateri
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Science Standards ■ Earth and Spa
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Figure 5.1. Comparison of the forma
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Exercise Five Purpose To illustrate
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Part B: Volcanic Explosive Craterin
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N 100 km Figure 5.5. Olympus Mons,
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Exercise Six Suggested Correlation
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Figure 6.1. Different sand surfaces
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Exercise Six Purpose To learn how p
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*c. What geologic process(es) forme
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Figure 6.4. Photograph of lunar mar
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Exercise Seven Coriolis Effect Inst
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Purpose By tracing an object as it
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N 100 km Figure 7.1. Centered at 20
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elow this is the solid core of the
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for turbulent, inclement weather on
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7. Examine the atmosphere of Venus
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Figure 8.5. Viking Orbiter image 78
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N 102 Figure 8.7. Jupiter as seen b
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emove the flaps). Three windows are
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Purpose In this experiment you will
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10. Based on your three sketches of
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The wind is at work on other planet
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Unit Four The three decades from th
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1. The highlands are bright, rugged
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6. Based on the number of craters,
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Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Mean
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Figure 10.2. Mariner 10 mosaic of M
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C Figure 10.4. Magellan radar mosai
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Exercise Eleven Suggested Correlati
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Exercise Eleven Purpose To learn to
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Page 125 and 126: Figure 11.2. Ius Chasma, part of th
Page 127 and 128: Exercise Eleven: Geologic Features
Page 129 and 130: Exercise Twelve Suggested Correlati
Page 131 and 132: Exercise Twelve Purpose To learn ab
Page 133 and 134: So far all the figures have shown f
Page 135 and 136: Figure 12.3. The prominent circular
Page 137 and 138: N 100 km Figure 12.6. Volcanoes com
Page 139 and 140: Exercise Twelve: Geologic Features
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Page 143 and 144: I. Ganymede 1. Ganymede orbits the
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Page 147 and 148: Properties of the Major Satellites*
Page 149 and 150: The surface of Enceladus can be div
Page 151 and 152: . Describe in detail the shape of t
Page 153 and 154: Figure 13.1.b. Geological sketch ma
Page 155 and 156: A Figure 13.3. The surface of Rhea,
Page 157 and 158: Exercise Fourteen Planets in Stereo
Page 159 and 160: Exercise Fourteen: Planets in Stere
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Page 179 and 180: Figure 15.3. Apollo 15 photograph o
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Page 183 and 184: Geologic History Youngest Youngest
Page 185 and 186: Exercise Sixteen Purpose Through ob
Page 187 and 188: To establish age relations and inte
Page 191 and 192: Figure 16.3. Diagram of typical imp
Page 193 and 194: Exercise Sixteen: Photogeologic Map
Page 195 and 196: Figure 16.8. Northwest quadrant of
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Page 201 and 202: Answer Key Map after 1) Scott et al
Page 203 and 204: Exercise Seventeen Purpose Through
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Page 209 and 210: Erosion: Process whereby materials
Page 211 and 212: Terrain: A region of a surface shar
Page 213 and 214: Cattermole, P. (1994). Venus: The G
Page 215 and 216: Object Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon Moo
Page 217 and 218: Object Jupiter Jupiter Jupiter Jupi
Page 219 and 220: 1.6 Regional Planetary Image Facili
Page 221 and 222: 2. Map Link 25 Eat Mason Santa Barb
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