Planetary Geology pdf - NASA

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Sample Photogeologic Map for the Memnoia Region, Mars Exercise Seventeen: Photogeologic Mapping of Mars 217 EG-1998-03-109-HQ Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences
Exercise Seventeen Purpose Through observation and analysis of the Mars photomosaic you will become familiar with the techniques of constructing geologic maps of planetary surfaces. Materials Photomosaic MC-16 (SE) of Mars, clear acetate or overhead transparency, tape, overhead projector markers (or use tracing paper and colored pencils) Introduction A geologic map is a graphic portrayal of the distribution of rock types, structural features such as folds and faults, and other geologic information. Such a map allows geologists to link observations made at different localities into a unified form and to represent those observations in a form that can be easily understood by others. One of the first tasks in preparing a geologic map is the identification of units. By definition, a unit is a three-dimensional body of rock of essentially uniform composition formed during some specified interval of time and that is large enough to be shown on a conventional map. Thus, the making of geologic maps involves subdividing surface and nearsurface rocks into different units according to their type and age. On Earth, this involves a combination of field work, laboratory studies, and analyses of aerial photographs. In planetary geology, geologic mapping must be done primarily by remote sensing methods, commonly the interpretation of photographs. Mapping units are identified on photographs by their surface appearance (morphologyÑsmooth, rugged, hilly, etc.), their albedo (how they reflect sunlightÑ light to dark), their state of surface preservation (degree of erosion), and other properties. In some cases remote sensing of chemical compositions permits refinements of photogeologic units. Three decades of planetary exploration have shown that the surfaces of rocky and icy planets and satellites Exercise Seventeen: Photogeologic Mapping of Mars Name Photogeologic Mapping of Mars 219 have all been subjected to the same basic geologic processes: volcanism, tectonism, gradation, and impact cratering. The relative importance of each process in shaping the surface differs from body to body, depending on the local environment (presence of an atmosphere, running water, etc.). All four of the processes listed above have worked to shape the surface of Mars. In addition to volcanism, seen in the form of large volcanoes and extensive lava flows, and impact cratering, Mars has undergone tectonism. This process is indicated by the presence of faults, fractures, and graben. Gradation has occurred on Mars through the work of running water (in the past), wind, periglacial processes, and landslides. All these processes have produced landforms and rock units that can be recognized and mapped. An important part of preparing a geologic map, once the units have been identified, is interpreting what geologic process(es) was responsible for the formation of each map unit. When preparing a planetary photogeologic map, unit descriptions are divided into two parts: the observation (what you see) and the interpretation (how you think it formed). After identifying the units and interpreting their mode of formation, the next task in preparing the photogeologic map is to determine the stratigraphic (age) relation among all the units. Stratigraphic relations are determined using: a) the Principle of Superposition, b) the law of cross-cutting relations, c) embayment, and d) impact crater distributions. The Principle of Superposition states that layered rock units are laid down one on top of the other, with the oldest (first formed) on the bottom and the youngest on the top. The law of cross-cutting relations states that for a rock unit to be modified (impacted, faulted, eroded, etc.) it must first exist as a unit. In other words, for a rock unit that is faultedÑthe rock is older than the faulting event. Embayment states that a unit Òflooding intoÓ (embaying) another unit must be younger. On planetary surfaces, impact crater frequency is also used in determining stratigraphic relations. In general, older units show more craters, larger craters, and more degraded (eroded) craters than younger units. EG-1998-03-109-HQ Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences
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National Aeronautics and Space Admi
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A ctivities in Planetary Geology fo
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Preface Introduction Special Note t
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We are living in a time of revoluti
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Exercise One Suggested Correlation
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Part One 1. (Answers will vary.) Vo
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5. Based on the number of pictures
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_____ 08/19/92 earthquake, central
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165° W 75°W 0° 75°E180°E 75°N
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1. a. The volcano has a circular ba
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Exercise Two Volcanism Purpose By s
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7. List some factors that might aff
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. How is it similar? Examine the vi
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N 200 m Figure 2.1. Mount Capulin,
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N Figure 2.3. Oblique aerial view o
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Figures 2.7.a., 2.7.b. Meteor Crate
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N Figure 2.9. Mosaic of Landsat fra
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1. a. Sketch should show steep side
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Exercise Three Purpose By using ste
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Gradation 2. Figure 3.4 shows a por
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. Examine the broad, steep face tha
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e. Determine the sequence of events
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Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
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Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
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N Figure 3.8. Sierra Caballos Mount
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Exercise Four Impact Cratering Inst
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Objective To determine the initial
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Name Exercise Four Impact Cratering
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Sketch area In the fourth section o
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Part C Shot 1 (smallest) Shot 2 (ne
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10 km Exercise Four: Impact Crateri
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Science Standards ■ Earth and Spa
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Figure 5.1. Comparison of the forma
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Exercise Five Purpose To illustrate
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Part B: Volcanic Explosive Craterin
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N 100 km Figure 5.5. Olympus Mons,
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Exercise Six Suggested Correlation
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Figure 6.1. Different sand surfaces
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Exercise Six Purpose To learn how p
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*c. What geologic process(es) forme
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Figure 6.4. Photograph of lunar mar
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Exercise Seven Coriolis Effect Inst
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Purpose By tracing an object as it
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N 100 km Figure 7.1. Centered at 20
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elow this is the solid core of the
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for turbulent, inclement weather on
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7. Examine the atmosphere of Venus
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Figure 8.5. Viking Orbiter image 78
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N 102 Figure 8.7. Jupiter as seen b
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emove the flaps). Three windows are
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Purpose In this experiment you will
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10. Based on your three sketches of
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The wind is at work on other planet
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Unit Four The three decades from th
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1. The highlands are bright, rugged
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6. Based on the number of craters,
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Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Mean
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Figure 10.2. Mariner 10 mosaic of M
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C Figure 10.4. Magellan radar mosai
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Exercise Eleven Suggested Correlati
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Exercise Eleven Purpose To learn to
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. If windstreaks are dust deposits
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Figure 11.2. Ius Chasma, part of th
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Exercise Eleven: Geologic Features
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Exercise Twelve Suggested Correlati
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Exercise Twelve Purpose To learn ab
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So far all the figures have shown f
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Figure 12.3. The prominent circular
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N 100 km Figure 12.6. Volcanoes com
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Exercise Twelve: Geologic Features
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Exercise Thirteen Suggested Correla
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I. Ganymede 1. Ganymede orbits the
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17. a. Volcanism. b. It shows a som
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Properties of the Major Satellites*
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The surface of Enceladus can be div
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Page 153 and 154: Figure 13.1.b. Geological sketch ma
Page 155 and 156: A Figure 13.3. The surface of Rhea,
Page 157 and 158: Exercise Fourteen Planets in Stereo
Page 159 and 160: Exercise Fourteen: Planets in Stere
Page 161 and 162: 9. Examine the stereo images of Fig
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Page 165 and 166: 5 km Figure 14.3. Crater Geopert-Me
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Page 169 and 170: 25 km Figure 14.10. The icy uranian
Page 171 and 172: Exercise Fifteen Suggested Correlat
Page 173 and 174: Exercise Fifteen Purpose The object
Page 175 and 176: 3. What is the age relation between
Page 177 and 178: Figure 15.1. Sample geologic map an
Page 179 and 180: Figure 15.3. Apollo 15 photograph o
Page 181 and 182: Part A 1. Contacts are sharp; trans
Page 183 and 184: Geologic History Youngest Youngest
Page 185 and 186: Exercise Sixteen Purpose Through ob
Page 187 and 188: To establish age relations and inte
Page 191 and 192: Figure 16.3. Diagram of typical imp
Page 193 and 194: Exercise Sixteen: Photogeologic Map
Page 195 and 196: Figure 16.8. Northwest quadrant of
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Page 199 and 200: Youngest Youngest Oldest Oldest Fig
Page 201: Answer Key Map after 1) Scott et al
Page 207 and 208: Geologic History: Youngest Oldest E
Page 209 and 210: Erosion: Process whereby materials
Page 211 and 212: Terrain: A region of a surface shar
Page 213 and 214: Cattermole, P. (1994). Venus: The G
Page 215 and 216: Object Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon Moo
Page 217 and 218: Object Jupiter Jupiter Jupiter Jupi
Page 219 and 220: 1.6 Regional Planetary Image Facili
Page 221 and 222: 2. Map Link 25 Eat Mason Santa Barb
Page 223: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMI
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