Planetary Geology pdf - NASA

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*d. What factors might affect the dune morphology across the region? 3. Examine Figure 3.5, which shows a system of canyons cut by rivers and streams in northwestern New Mexico. The gradation is affecting relatively flat-lying sedimentary rocks. a. Look at the places where smaller tributary streams join larger rivers. In the space below, make a sketch of the pattern you see. Sketch area b. Which direction does the water flow in the prominent river that crosses the central portion of the photo? c. Identify a place in the photograph where you might expect a tall, steep waterfall. How would such a waterfall aid the process of erosion in this area? d. Over time, what will happen to the high standing, narrow ridge that separates two east-west trending valleys in the central portion of the photo? Tectonism Most rocks on Earth are laid down in relatively flat layers. Sedimentary rocks (such as those in Figure 3.5) are laid down over broad areas by wind or water, in layers called strata. Tectonism deforms such rocks in various ways. Tectonic stresses in the Earth can pull or push on rocks until they break, moving along faults. Broadscale tectonic deformation can also cause originally horizontal rock layers to be tilted. 4. Figure 3.6 shows Lookout Ridge, Alaska, an area affected by tectonic deformation. Notice that the white and gray sedimentary rocks have been steeply tilted, now standing nearly on their ends. a. Which rock layers are more easily eroded, the white or the gray? Support your answer. 38 Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms Seen on Stereoscopic Photos Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences EG-1998-03-109-HQ
. Examine the broad, steep face that is shown by one of the white layers near the center of the stereo photo. When rainfall lands on this surface, in which direction would it run down? This is the dip direction of these tilted rocks. c. Examine the overall trend of the visible edges of the tilted strata. Use a protractor to measure the direction of this trend, and report your answer in terms of the number of degrees west of north. (For example, N20W would mean the trend is 20¡ west of north.) This is the strike direction of the tilted rocks. d. Notice the small-scale faults that cut and displace the white and gray strata near the center of the stereo image. Use the scale bar on the photograph to estimate the amount of displacement along these faults. e. A greater displacement of strata can also be observed in the southeast corner of the left hand monoscopic image. Use the scale bar to estimate the amount of displacement there. *f. In the right hand image, the strata appear to curve as they cross the prominent river that cuts northsouth across the photo. Using information available to you from the stereo scene, explain this apparent curvature. Impact Cratering 5. Figure 3.7 shows Meteor Crater, Arizona. The impact crater is about 20,000 years old and is one of the best-preserved impact structures on Earth. In this stereo pair you can see the crater floor, walls, rim, and remnants of ejecta, material thrown from the crater by the impact. Some ejecta appears as irregular bright patches around the crater. a. Using the scale bar on the photograph, determine the diameter of the crater in meters. b. Before erosional infilling, an impact crater in Meteor CraterÕs size class has a diameter about five times greater than its depth. Based on this, how deep was Meteor Crater when it formed? c. Based on the appearance of Meteor Crater in these stereo images, and considering your previous answers, is the vertical exaggeration of this stereo pair large or small? d. What do you notice about the elevation of the rim of the crater compared to the elevation of the surrounding plain? Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms Seen on Stereoscopic Photos EG-1998-03-109-HQ Activities in Planetary Geology for the Physical and Earth Sciences 39
Page 1 and 2: National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 3 and 4: A ctivities in Planetary Geology fo
Page 5 and 6: Preface Introduction Special Note t
Page 7 and 8: We are living in a time of revoluti
Page 9 and 10: Exercise One Suggested Correlation
Page 11 and 12: Part One 1. (Answers will vary.) Vo
Page 13 and 14: 5. Based on the number of pictures
Page 15 and 16: _____ 08/19/92 earthquake, central
Page 17 and 18: 165° W 75°W 0° 75°E180°E 75°N
Page 19 and 20: 1. a. The volcano has a circular ba
Page 21 and 22: Exercise Two Volcanism Purpose By s
Page 23 and 24: 7. List some factors that might aff
Page 25 and 26: . How is it similar? Examine the vi
Page 27 and 28: N 200 m Figure 2.1. Mount Capulin,
Page 29 and 30: N Figure 2.3. Oblique aerial view o
Page 31 and 32: Figures 2.7.a., 2.7.b. Meteor Crate
Page 33 and 34: N Figure 2.9. Mosaic of Landsat fra
Page 35 and 36: 1. a. Sketch should show steep side
Page 37 and 38: Exercise Three Purpose By using ste
Page 39: Gradation 2. Figure 3.4 shows a por
Page 43 and 44: e. Determine the sequence of events
Page 45 and 46: Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
Page 47 and 48: Exercise Three: Geologic Landforms
Page 49 and 50: N Figure 3.8. Sierra Caballos Mount
Page 51 and 52: Exercise Four Impact Cratering Inst
Page 53 and 54: Objective To determine the initial
Page 55 and 56: Name Exercise Four Impact Cratering
Page 57 and 58: Sketch area In the fourth section o
Page 59 and 60: Part C Shot 1 (smallest) Shot 2 (ne
Page 61 and 62: 10 km Exercise Four: Impact Crateri
Page 63 and 64: Science Standards ■ Earth and Spa
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5.1. Comparison of the forma
Page 67 and 68: Exercise Five Purpose To illustrate
Page 69 and 70: Part B: Volcanic Explosive Craterin
Page 71 and 72: N 100 km Figure 5.5. Olympus Mons,
Page 73 and 74: Exercise Six Suggested Correlation
Page 75 and 76: Figure 6.1. Different sand surfaces
Page 77 and 78: Exercise Six Purpose To learn how p
Page 79 and 80: *c. What geologic process(es) forme
Page 81 and 82: Figure 6.4. Photograph of lunar mar
Page 83 and 84: Exercise Seven Coriolis Effect Inst
Page 85 and 86: Purpose By tracing an object as it
Page 87 and 88: N 100 km Figure 7.1. Centered at 20
Page 89 and 90: elow this is the solid core of the
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for turbulent, inclement weather on
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7. Examine the atmosphere of Venus
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Figure 8.5. Viking Orbiter image 78
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N 102 Figure 8.7. Jupiter as seen b
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emove the flaps). Three windows are
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Purpose In this experiment you will
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10. Based on your three sketches of
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The wind is at work on other planet
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Unit Four The three decades from th
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1. The highlands are bright, rugged
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6. Based on the number of craters,
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Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Mean
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Figure 10.2. Mariner 10 mosaic of M
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C Figure 10.4. Magellan radar mosai
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Exercise Eleven Suggested Correlati
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Exercise Eleven Purpose To learn to
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. If windstreaks are dust deposits
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Figure 11.2. Ius Chasma, part of th
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Exercise Eleven: Geologic Features
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Exercise Twelve Suggested Correlati
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Exercise Twelve Purpose To learn ab
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So far all the figures have shown f
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Figure 12.3. The prominent circular
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N 100 km Figure 12.6. Volcanoes com
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Exercise Twelve: Geologic Features
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Exercise Thirteen Suggested Correla
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I. Ganymede 1. Ganymede orbits the
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17. a. Volcanism. b. It shows a som
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Properties of the Major Satellites*
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The surface of Enceladus can be div
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. Describe in detail the shape of t
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Figure 13.1.b. Geological sketch ma
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A Figure 13.3. The surface of Rhea,
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Exercise Fourteen Planets in Stereo
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Exercise Fourteen: Planets in Stere
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9. Examine the stereo images of Fig
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. Sketch what a profile across a ty
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5 km Figure 14.3. Crater Geopert-Me
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Exercise Fourteen: Planets in Stere
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25 km Figure 14.10. The icy uranian
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Exercise Fifteen Suggested Correlat
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Exercise Fifteen Purpose The object
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3. What is the age relation between
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Figure 15.1. Sample geologic map an
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Figure 15.3. Apollo 15 photograph o
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Part A 1. Contacts are sharp; trans
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Geologic History Youngest Youngest
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Exercise Sixteen Purpose Through ob
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To establish age relations and inte
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Figure 16.3. Diagram of typical imp
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Exercise Sixteen: Photogeologic Map
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Figure 16.8. Northwest quadrant of
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Figure 16.10. Southeast quadrant of
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Youngest Youngest Oldest Oldest Fig
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Answer Key Map after 1) Scott et al
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Exercise Seventeen Purpose Through
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Geologic History: Youngest Oldest E
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Erosion: Process whereby materials
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Terrain: A region of a surface shar
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Cattermole, P. (1994). Venus: The G
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Object Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon Moo
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Object Jupiter Jupiter Jupiter Jupi
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1.6 Regional Planetary Image Facili
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2. Map Link 25 Eat Mason Santa Barb
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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMI
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