CEPAL Review no. 124

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CEPAL Review N° 124 • April 2018 19 can be interpreted as reflecting the differences in the cost of achieving a similar level of wellbeing between countries. A glance at the global PPP-adjusted income distribution for Latin America reveals its sharp shift to the right between 2002 and 2009, reflecting the growth of household income (see figure 8). This movement is repeated in 2014, albeit to a lesser extent. Comparing one period with the other also shows that the distribution has become less dispersed. 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 Figure 8 Latin America, income distribution 2002, 2009 and 2014 a (Log income density and PPP b dollars at 2011 prices) 1 2 2 4 6 9 15 23 36 56 89 139 219 345 542 852 1 340 2 106 3 312 5 207 8 186 12 870 20 235 31 814 50 019 2002 2009 2014 Source: Prepared by the authors, on the basis of household surveys. a Population-weighted logarithmic scale. b Purchasing power parity. The average per capita income of the inhabitants of Latin America grew by 30.5% between 2002 and 2014 in purchasing power parity terms, and by 39.7% if expressed relative to the poverty line. In that period, income grew in all percentiles of the distribution, although not uniformly: the lower percentiles achieved higher growth, as can be seen from the changes by decile and percentile (see figure 9). Both in terms of PPP-adjusted income, and in terms of the poverty line, the growth declines as the income level rises. According to Ravallion and Chen (2003), the growth incidence curve shows that growth has been pro-poor. This is particularly clear in the case of PPP-adjusted income, which reports stronger growth than income adjusted by the poverty line among households in the lower half of the distribution. The greater growth of income among individuals in the lower part of the regional distribution is therefore an initial indication of less global inequality in the region. Unlike the global pattern, indicators of inequality in Latin America do not differ significantly from subregional or national observations, which suggests a certain homogeneity in the region, even though the level of the indicator is high relative to other regions. This shows that the differences between the inhabitants of Latin America are broadly similar to those between the inhabitants of each country. In terms of trend, the three indicators considered (Gini, Theil and the 90/10 ratio) show an improvement between 2002 and 2014, whether measured in purchasing power parity terms or relative to the poverty line (see table 2). Nonetheless, in most indicators, the bulk of the improvement occurs between 2002 and 2009, while in recent years the pace of reduction of inequality has slowed substantially, especially when analysing income relative to the poverty line. Verónica Amarante and Maira Colacce
20 CEPAL Review N° 124 • April 2018 7 Figure 9 Latin America: variation in real incomes, 2002-2014 a (Percentages) A. By percentiles of the regional distribution 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 PPP PL Average PL Average PPP B. By deciles of the regional distribution 5 4 3 2 1 0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X PPP PL Latin America average Source: Prepared by the authors, on the basis of household surveys. Note: PPP means purchasing power parity and PL means poverty line. a Annual equivalent variation. Table 2 Latin America: global inequality indices, 2002, 2009 and 2014 (Percentage points and percentages) 2002 2009 2014 Annual equivalent variation 2002-2014 Annual equivalent variation 2002-2009 Annual equivalent variation 2009-2014 PPP income a Gini coefficient 0.588 0.553 0.532 -0.8 -0.9 -0.8 Theil index 0.767 0.653 0.595 -2.1 -2.3 -1.8 90/10 ratio 14.5 12.6 10.9 -2.4 -2.0 -2.9 PL incomeb Gini coefficient 0.580 0.552 0.551 -0.4 -0.7 0.0 Theil index 0.772 0.664 0.648 -1.4 -2.1 -0.5 90/10 ratio 12.3 11.4 11.3 -0.7 -1.1 -0.1 Source: Prepared by the authors, on the basis of household surveys. a Purchasing power parity. b Poverty line. More unequal or less? A review of global, regional and national income inequality
Page 1: APRIL • 2018 More unequal or less
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estudios del cambio climático en a
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EDITORIAL BOARD Osvaldo Sunkel Chai
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CEPAL Review no. 124

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