BIOENERGY FOR EUROPE: WHICH ONES FIT BEST?
BIOENERGY FOR EUROPE: WHICH ONES FIT BEST?
BIOENERGY FOR EUROPE: WHICH ONES FIT BEST?
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150 7 Annex<br />
Summer smog – The Netherlands<br />
g ethen. eq./MJ useful energy<br />
0,16<br />
0,14<br />
0,12<br />
0,1<br />
0,08<br />
0,06<br />
0,04<br />
0,02<br />
0<br />
willow heat natural gas<br />
heat<br />
Processing & utilisation<br />
Agriculture/forestry part<br />
Fossil fuel life cycle<br />
Agricultural reference system<br />
Miscanthus<br />
heat<br />
natural gas<br />
heat<br />
hemp<br />
electricity<br />
natural gas<br />
electricity<br />
sugar beet<br />
ETBE<br />
transport<br />
MTBE<br />
transport<br />
biogas<br />
electricity +<br />
heat<br />
natural gas<br />
electricity +<br />
heat<br />
All biofuels cause a smaller effect on summer smog than the reference system. In general, this is caused<br />
by a higher emission of VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) in the fossil fuel chain. Replacing natural<br />
gas by biogas as an energy source gives the largest result in lowering summer smog. In the agricultural<br />
part of the reference for biogas the impact on summer smog is very high compared to the impact of<br />
biogas and to other chains. This is caused by the emission of methane during storage and spreading of<br />
non-fermented manure which does not occur when the manure is fermented to biogas.<br />
Compared with the other energy crops, Miscanthus gives only a minor advantage compared with<br />
the reference. This is due to a higher emission of pollutants like VOCs and benzene during the combustion<br />
of Miscanthus compared with the combustion of willow and hemp.
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