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Chapter VI The Implementation of the Transfer itself was carried out. In most cases the inhabitants of a village or town (or part of one) were forced to pack a few essential items and leave home within a very short time – a few hours or, in extreme cases, a few minutes! They were allowed to take with them luggage weighing between 30 and 60 kg, including a limited number of personal things, food for 3 to 7 days, and a maximum of 1000 Reichsmarks in cash, but in many cases only 100 Reichsmarks or even less. They were forbidden to take savings books, large amounts of cash, stocks and shares, jewellery – apart from engagement rings – and many other things, such as cameras or portable radios. The Germans who were to be moved out were collected in one place, and then transferred to German territory either on foot or using various forms of transport. The conduct and behaviour of some of those who organised and carried out these expulsions was shameful and 220 reprehensible, and they further took advantage of the drastic situation to steal, perpetrate acts of violence, and carry out degrading personal searches. The first transfers were directed primarily into the Soviet-occupied zone, and from southern Moravia into Austria. However, the administration of the occupying forces in these destinations adopted a reserved or even directly negative attitude to these transfers, The appalling experiences they had been through during the war led to callousness and cruelty on the part of the Czech population too. because they further complicated the already difficult humanitarian situation in these areas. According to the guidelines for the transfer, Germans from the Reich were supposed to be resettled to Germany as the priority group, followed by Germans who had immigrated to Czechoslovak territory after October 1938, and refugees from the German territories in the East. However, the original inhabitants were frequently expelled in the first wave as well, and even people from mixed
marriages. It was not until the end of July that a directive was issued defining the individual categories of the German population destined to be moved out. The first category were the “occupiers”, i.e. those Germans who had immigrated to the Czech lands after October 1, 1938, the second “guilty persons”, provided they had not already been interned, and the third former civil servants, who had become unemployed when the Czechs took over the administration of the country. The fourth group consisted of farmers, the fifth those who owned businesses and trades, and the sixth members of the liberal professions, while labourers were only seventh, and the final category was “others”. This order of priority was dictated not only by the extent of the guilt attached to them during the war, but also economic considerations, for the transfer also had an economic aspect that could not be overlooked. This clearly manifested itself at the time of the organised transfer as a factor that worked against the removal of some groups of the German population. HOMICIDAL EXCESSES OF THE TRANSFER In addition to the “uncontrolled transfer”, the three months after the end of the war saw numerous acts of violence, murders, mob justice, lynchings, and several mass murders of the German population intentionally organised by the army. In the context of the “uncontrolled transfer” the incident that people are most generally aware of is what is known as the “Brno death march “, the violent expulsion of Germans from Brno on May 30-31, 1945. It was one of the most well-known excesses and was widely commented on at the time. It was even dealt with by the Czechoslovak government on June 1. The expulsion of some 20 thousand Germans from Brno seems to have taken place on the initiative of the Moravian Regional National Committee, and it was carried out by the National Security Guard under the command of Captain The Implementation of the Transfer 221 Chapter VI B. Pokorný, with the help of what were known as “workers’ patrols”. The psychological background to the incident is probably provided by the particularly negative experiences that the Czechs in Brno had with the Germans there during the period of the occupation, and also the fact that apart from Ostrava, which was obstinately defended by the Nazis, Brno was practically the only Moravian town that actually had to be liberated by the army at the end of the war. In deciding on and preparing the march, party political motives doubtless also played a role, for the issue of expelling the Sudeten Germans became a politically powerful argument in the political struggle immediately after liberation. After a degrading and thorough search of their baggage, the column of women, children, and old men set out late in the evening of May 30, via Rajhrad in the direction of the Austrian border, which was, however, closed at the time. The tradition of the exiled Germans asserts that thousands of people were shot dead during the “death march” itself, but the Austrian historian Emilia Hrabowecz, who has investigated the case in detail, has been unable to find evidence of this. In fact, she mentions that exhausted old people were transported on lorries and weary children were carried on their shoulders by the Czech guards. Nevertheless, the psychological situation of the totally exhausted Germans could not have been more traumatic. The actual tragedy occurred after most of the group had been sent back from the Austrian border and were interned for about a month and a half (from June 1, to July 10) in the former German children's camp in Pohořelice. Here an epidemic broke out that 455 people fell victim to. Further deaths occurred among participants in the march who were interned in villages around Pohořelice. The probable total number of victims who died in connection with the march (an unspecified number of expelled Germans is said to have died in Austrian territory) is estimated at up to 800, but journalists talk about 1,300 or even eight
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FACING HISTORY The evolution of Cze
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Published by Gallery s.r.o. for the
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Contents Chapter I ■ Historical R
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Foreword The end of eight centuries
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HISTORICAL ROOTS 10
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towns of the Bohemian kingdom that
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continued to be present on the terr
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king (the first being Vratislav II
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St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of
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Theutonica as a category defined by
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and the arrival of the Czechs. This
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25 Historical Roots Chapter I The B
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Meanwhile the position of Prussia w
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econciliation with the so-called Mo
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economic sphere also. It is no acci
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figure continued to grow, but in th
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Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
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Chapter II guardianship of czarist
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Chapter II Declaration of the Right
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Chapter II ideals common to all man
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Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
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Chapter II deputation, as manifeste
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Chapter II under the leadership of
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Chapter II the wake of World War II
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Chapter II up to October 28, 1918.
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Chapter II whole, i.e. those that f
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Chapter II At that time it was not
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Chapter II important in terms of in
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Chapter II opted for Czechoslovak n
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Chapter II On December 16, 1916, th
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CZECHS AND GERMANS IN A DEMOCRATIC
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Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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centred on the Živnostenská banka
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Chapter IV THE “SECOND REPUBLIC
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Chapter IV until November 30, 1938,
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Chapter IV years”. He announced t
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Chapter IV decree failed to specify
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Chapter IV whereby ownership relati
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Chapter IV Bohemia and Moravia). Wh
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Chapter IV farmers were forbidden t
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Chapter IV demanded that the proper
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Chapter IV of that year, Jews had b
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Chapter IV of the banking giants in
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Chapter IV 1945, employed 65.3% of
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Chapter IV unconditional establishm
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Chapter IV they were followed later
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Chapter IV ensuring its efficient a
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Chapter IV The establishment of the
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Chapter IV economic, social and cul
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Chapter IV also applied to foreign
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Chapter IV One of the main tasks of
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Chapter IV and Nazi gangs took plac
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Chapter IV The attitudes of the Ger
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Chapter IV This contradictory state
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Chapter IV saw in them a vision of
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Chapter IV Czechoslovak political l
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Chapter IV RECOGNITION OF THE CZECH
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Chapter IV regards the pre-Munich b
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Chapter IV out by the occupation. N
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Chapter IV Many Czechs were interne
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Page 176 and 177: Chapter IV The Break up of Czechosl
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Page 180 and 181: Chapter IV This “final solution
Page 182 and 183: Chapter IV This was however mirrore
Page 184 and 185: Chapter IV transmitter “Sparta”
Page 186 and 187: Chapter IV Germans in the Czechoslo
Page 188 and 189: Chapter IV 500,000 prominent Henlei
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Page 192: THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
Page 195 and 196: medical care, around 40,000, or alm
Page 197 and 198: Nationalities Groups in Europe, Sud
Page 199 and 200: surviving evacuees returned to Nort
Page 201 and 202: Eastern Poland to Siberia, Central
Page 203 and 204: the end of the 1940s in the more no
Page 205 and 206: central and eastern Europe were cle
Page 207 and 208: German population compromised durin
Page 210 and 211: Chapter VI The Implementation of th
Page 234: THE TRANSFER AND ITS LEGAL ASPECTS
Page 237 and 238: agreements concerning reparations.
Page 239 and 240: would apply, the key Constitutional
Page 241 and 242: expropriation on territories occupi
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Page 245 and 246: the time of issue of the original d
Page 247 and 248: confiscation), and Constitutional D
Page 249 and 250: the war-damaged economy. In the sam
Page 251 and 252: Advisory Council, diplomats of the
Page 253 and 254: No. 47/1945 Coll., concerning the P
Page 255 and 256: to confirm and declare as laws the
Page 257 and 258: Disregarding the partial amnesties
Page 259 and 260: it was possible, even at that time,
Page 261 and 262: and legitimacy based on the require
Page 263 and 264: listed bore witness to the legal an
Page 265 and 266: Broad civilian resistance came into
Page 267 and 268: (justifiable). According to German
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property. Approximately 75,000 peop
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them in connection with the valid c
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Chapter VIII Interpretation of the
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Decrees of the President of the Rep
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Bibliography Hořejš, Miloš: Nár
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Documents 1. The Treaty between the
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Documents institutions, schools and
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Documents Article 9 This law shall
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Documents 7) Measures would be unde
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Documents Article 9 The Protectorat
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Documents Soviet Socialist Republic
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Documents Article 8 (1) The regulat
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Documents Unions Centre, the Agricu
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Documents Article 20 (1) Legal acti
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Documents Munich constitution and i
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Documents a member of an organisati
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Documents Article 26 (1) Proceeding
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Documents Article 3 (1) The followi
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Documents of special circumstances,
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Documents (3) Also persons may requ
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Documents circumstances of special
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Documents the Decree of the Preside
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Documents for the purpose of their
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Documents 22 1946, March 28, Prague
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Some Presidential Decrees and their
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Abolished by Law No.65/1965 Coll. N
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