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Chapter II The Czechs and Germans and the Birth of Czechoslovakia WORLD WAR I AND THE STATUS OF THE CZECHS World War I ended in November 1918: the fighting on the various fronts ended either with their collapse or with the capitulation of the armies of the Central Powers. The ending of the war brought about a sudden and radical transformation of the political and social map of Europe. Two monarchies – the German and the Habsburg – 36 Initially the motive power for this change came from the radical German- Austrian forces controlling not only the army but also “the Crown” to all intents and purposes, i.e. the ruling camarilla around Emperor Franz Josef, which had a decisive influence on the policies of the state. Now the war had also swept away even the imperfect elements of Austrian democracy, those forces decided that the Germans now had a Austria-Hungary in the last years of peace.The Czech provinces lie in the very heart of central Europe, which the German leadership liked to regard as its own. disappeared from the political map of Central Europe. In the case of the Habsburg monarchy, military defeat led to collapse of the state. Austria- Hungary disintegrated into five newly emerging states and part of its territory was acquired by Rumania and Italy. One of these emergent states was the Czechoslovak Republic. Clearly its birth was determined to a degree by the historical development of the Czech provinces and the legal existence of the Czech state. But it must be borne in mind that the war destroyed previous Czech-German relations and became an “orogenic” force, reshaping them and altering their form and content. golden opportunity to trounce the bothersome and even perfidious Czechs. In particular, this involved closing down the parliamentary assemblies and setting up a rigid military-cum-police regime with tougher press censorship and intense anti-Czech police operations, even leading to death sentences on leading politicians in Bohemia, including Karel Kramář and Alois Rašín. This was all aimed at transforming Austria-Hungary into a state that was German in character, denying any scope for other nations to develop their full potential, and above all the strongest of them, the Czechs. Even the idea of resettling the
The Czechs and Germans and the Birth of Czechoslovakia Czechs in Bosnia resurfaced, albeit as an extreme opinion that was purely ideological and quite unfeasible in terms of realpolitik. Although it was scarcely more than a political oddity, it did reflect pan-German sentiments that had been buoyed up by military successes at that time. Moreover the idea was by no means an aberration, as can be demonstrated by the persecution and expulsion of the Srem Serbs in 1914 or 37 constitution. The following year, the German national demands were developed even further in the “Easter Programme”: The non-German nations in Austria were not to threaten the preeminent political and cultural status of the Germans. This was to be the Austrian contribution to the underlying idea of a German Mitteleuropa, formulated in 1915 by Friedrich Naumann in his well-known treatise of Leading Czech politicians Karel Kramáfi (left) and Alois Ra‰ín (right). In 1916 they were condemned to death but amnestied a year later by the new Emperor. the Trentino Italians in the years 1915- 16; in Germany the idea of expelling the Poznan Poles was again mooted. In the spring of 1915, the Union of German National Deputies in the Reichsrat (Imperial Diet) drafted a list of demands including the establishment of a constitutional union of Austria and Germany and the creation of a customs union between them. The proposal also included the renewed demand for hiving off Galicia from “the Austrian Empire” so as to ensure German superiority within it, as well as the demand for German to be introduced as the official language. The union with the German Reich was also to be enshrined in the Chapter II the same name. His scheme for Germany’s political domination of central Europe was more significant and convincing at that time than the more extreme ideas that involved resettlement of populations. This policy that threatened to nullify all the achievements of Czech politicians in the course of their years of cohabitation with the Austrian Germans and “the Crown”, gradually aroused the disgust of the Czechs and led to a hatred of the “yellow and black” monarchy in most cases, combined with a desire for emancipation and the creation of their own Czech and Slovak state – initially under the protection or
Page 1: FACING HISTORY The evolution of Cze
Page 4 and 5: Published by Gallery s.r.o. for the
Page 6 and 7: Contents Chapter I ■ Historical R
Page 8 and 9: Foreword The end of eight centuries
Page 10: HISTORICAL ROOTS 10
Page 13 and 14: towns of the Bohemian kingdom that
Page 15 and 16: continued to be present on the terr
Page 17 and 18: king (the first being Vratislav II
Page 19 and 20: St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of
Page 21 and 22: Theutonica as a category defined by
Page 23 and 24: and the arrival of the Czechs. This
Page 25 and 26: 25 Historical Roots Chapter I The B
Page 27 and 28: Meanwhile the position of Prussia w
Page 29 and 30: econciliation with the so-called Mo
Page 31 and 32: economic sphere also. It is no acci
Page 33 and 34: figure continued to grow, but in th
Page 38 and 39: Chapter II guardianship of czarist
Page 40 and 41: Chapter II Declaration of the Right
Page 42 and 43: Chapter II ideals common to all man
Page 44 and 45: Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
Page 46 and 47: Chapter II deputation, as manifeste
Page 48 and 49: Chapter II under the leadership of
Page 50 and 51: Chapter II the wake of World War II
Page 52 and 53: Chapter II up to October 28, 1918.
Page 54 and 55: Chapter II whole, i.e. those that f
Page 56 and 57: Chapter II At that time it was not
Page 58 and 59: Chapter II important in terms of in
Page 60 and 61: Chapter II opted for Czechoslovak n
Page 62 and 63: Chapter II On December 16, 1916, th
Page 64: CZECHS AND GERMANS IN A DEMOCRATIC
Page 67 and 68: Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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centred on the Živnostenská banka
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Chapter IV THE “SECOND REPUBLIC
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Chapter IV until November 30, 1938,
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Chapter IV years”. He announced t
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Chapter IV decree failed to specify
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Chapter IV whereby ownership relati
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Chapter IV Bohemia and Moravia). Wh
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Chapter IV farmers were forbidden t
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Chapter IV demanded that the proper
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Chapter IV of that year, Jews had b
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Chapter IV of the banking giants in
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Chapter IV 1945, employed 65.3% of
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Chapter IV unconditional establishm
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Chapter IV they were followed later
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Chapter IV ensuring its efficient a
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Chapter IV The establishment of the
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Chapter IV economic, social and cul
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Chapter IV also applied to foreign
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Chapter IV One of the main tasks of
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Chapter IV and Nazi gangs took plac
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Chapter IV The attitudes of the Ger
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Chapter IV This contradictory state
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Chapter IV saw in them a vision of
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Chapter IV Czechoslovak political l
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Chapter IV RECOGNITION OF THE CZECH
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Chapter IV regards the pre-Munich b
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Chapter IV out by the occupation. N
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Chapter IV Many Czechs were interne
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Chapter IV paradoxically bolstering
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Chapter IV Heydrich and Hácha in f
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Chapter IV central European state a
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Chapter IV The Break up of Czechosl
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Chapter IV Germans; with the intens
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Chapter IV This “final solution
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Chapter IV This was however mirrore
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Chapter IV transmitter “Sparta”
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Chapter IV Germans in the Czechoslo
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Chapter IV 500,000 prominent Henlei
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Chapter IV capable of doing to huma
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THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
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medical care, around 40,000, or alm
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Nationalities Groups in Europe, Sud
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surviving evacuees returned to Nort
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Eastern Poland to Siberia, Central
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the end of the 1940s in the more no
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central and eastern Europe were cle
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German population compromised durin
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Chapter VI The Implementation of th
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THE TRANSFER AND ITS LEGAL ASPECTS
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agreements concerning reparations.
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would apply, the key Constitutional
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expropriation on territories occupi
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NSDAP, Hungarian political parties,
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the time of issue of the original d
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confiscation), and Constitutional D
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the war-damaged economy. In the sam
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Advisory Council, diplomats of the
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No. 47/1945 Coll., concerning the P
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to confirm and declare as laws the
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Disregarding the partial amnesties
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it was possible, even at that time,
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and legitimacy based on the require
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listed bore witness to the legal an
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Broad civilian resistance came into
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(justifiable). According to German
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Command and any state, municipal, o
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property. Approximately 75,000 peop
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them in connection with the valid c
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Chapter VIII Interpretation of the
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Decrees of the President of the Rep
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Bibliography Hořejš, Miloš: Nár
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Documents 1. The Treaty between the
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Documents institutions, schools and
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Documents Article 9 This law shall
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Documents 7) Measures would be unde
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Documents Article 9 The Protectorat
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Documents Soviet Socialist Republic
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Documents Article 8 (1) The regulat
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Documents Unions Centre, the Agricu
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Documents Article 20 (1) Legal acti
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Documents Munich constitution and i
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Documents a member of an organisati
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Documents Article 26 (1) Proceeding
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Documents Article 3 (1) The followi
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Documents of special circumstances,
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Documents (3) Also persons may requ
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Documents circumstances of special
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Documents the Decree of the Preside
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Documents for the purpose of their
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Documents 22 1946, March 28, Prague
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Some Presidential Decrees and their
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Abolished by Law No.65/1965 Coll. N
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