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Documents Article 9 The Protectorate shall be part of the customs area of the German Reich and shall be subject to its customs sovereignty. Article 10 (1) In addition to the Reichsmark, the crown shall be legal tender until further notice. (2)The rate of exchange between the two currencies shall be determined by the government of the Reich. Article 11 (1) The Reich may issue legal regulations that are valid for the Protectorate, should this be required by the common interest. (2) Should there be a common need, the Reich may take the administrative departments under its own administration and set up its own Reich offices necessary for this purpose. (3) The government of the Reich may take measures necessary for the maintenance of security and order. Article 12 The law currently valid in Bohemia and Moravia shall remain in effect, provided it is not contrary to the intent of taking these lands under the protection of the German Reich. Article 13 The Minister of the Interior of the Reich, in agreement with the other ministers of the Reich who are involved, shall issue the legal and administrative regulations necessary to implement and supplement this decree. Prague, March 16, 1939 Führer and Chancellor of the Reich: Adolf Hitler, o.h. Minister of the Interior of the Reich: Dr. Frick, o.h. Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Reich: Ribbentrop, o.h. Minister of the Reich and Head of the Chancellery of the Reich: Dr. Lammers, o.h. Collection of laws and decrees, Year 1939, Chapter 28 dated March 17, 1939. 7 1939, August-October, Prague. – Memorandum on the exchange of the population, drawn up by Prof. Zdeněk Peška […]a) Let us first ask the basic question: is such an exchange [of the population] to be recommended for the restored Czechoslovak state in the future? It is necessary to consider the following factors: 1. Czechoslovakia must at all costs get rid of those who have shown themselves to be unreliable and who even worked to break up the Czechoslovak Republic. 2. The great majority of the Germans were willing at any time to become an instrument of the policy of the German Reich and to carry it out blindly, regardless of the interests of our state and indeed regardless of their own interests. The large number of Germans in the Czechoslovak Republic on whom on the whole it was impossible to rely, and who at moments of crisis constituted a danger, paralysed the healthy development of our parliamentary movement. Our government was essentially a coalition that owed its cohesion not least to the impossibility of relying fully on the Germans (even if they were in the government), and thus lacked the flexibility and adaptability that are essential attributes of a parliamentary government. 3. Many Germans profited substantially from the situation after March 15, 1939 to gain personal advantages and frequently advantages in terms of property too. They will however be deprived of these advantages and punished. If they are allowed to remain in the state they will constitute a permanently dissatisfied element that will continually accuse the state of having "impoverished" them. 4. The German element, in particular the bourgeoisie in the Czech lands, through its limited outlook, arrogance, and deliberate shutting itself off from Czech influences, has abandoned its historical role of being a link and a mediator between the two cultures, and has become an obstacle 302
303 Documents to German-Czech rapprochement. It is in the interest of a good co-existence between the two nations and states that this element be restricted as far as possible. 5. Through constant incitement Germany has goaded the German citizens of the Czechoslovak Republic into a position in which they would never have found themselves if they had been left to their own devices. Germany therefore bears a heavy responsibility for these people and with any new arrangement of the situation it has the duty to care for them. From all these points it is clear that it would be appropriate to count on a large shift of the German population. On the other hand, there is a smaller number of Czechs and Slovaks who are settled in the German lands. It would be possible to count on the repatriation of the minority in Vienna, and perhaps the Czech farming population of Lower Austria and the minorities settled in individual German and Austrian towns. It would be appropriate to make this number as large as possible so as to avoid economic disruption through the depopulation of certain regions and thus the impoverishment of the whole state. Even so the transfer would be to a large extent one-sided in nature. But this would not necessarily be a bad thing. Population transfers that have been carried out in the past – Greek-Bulgarian and in particular Greek-Turkish – though formally supposed to be in both directions, have in the end effect been substantially one-sided. […]b) Archive of the T.G. Masaryk Institute Prague, f.38 (Vladimír Klecanda), a.j. 192/1. Original, typescript. J. Vondrová (ed.) Češi a sudetoněmecká otázka 1939-1945. Dokuments. Prague, 1994. Doc. No. 3, pp. 21-22. a) Passage on the Greek-Turkish exchange of population omitted. b) Passage on the possibilities for implementing the exchange of population between Germany and Czechoslovakia omitted. 8 1940, October 15, London – Constitutional Decree of the President of the Republic No. 2/1940 in the Czechoslovak Official Gazette, on the Interim Exercise of Legislative Power On the proposal of the government I decree: Article 1 Until such time as it is possible to carry out the provisions of the second chapter of the Constitution of February 29, 1920 on the legislative power, those acts that Section 64 No. 1 and No. 3 of the Constitution assign to the President of the Republic to perform, where the assent of the National Assembly is required, shall be performed by the President of the Republic with the agreement of the government. Article 2 During the period the provisional system of state government is in force, regulations by means of which laws are amended or repealed or new ones are enacted shall in essential cases be enacted by the President of the Republic on the proposal of the government in the form of decrees, which shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister or the members of the government charged with enforcing them. Article 3 The entire government shall be charged with enforcing this decree, which shall come into effect on the day it is signed by the President of the Republic. Signed in London, October 15, 1940 Dr. Edvard Beneš, o.h. Dr. Šrámek, o.h. Czechoslovak Official Gazette, Year I, Chapter 10, London, December 4 ,1940. Re-enacted under No. 20/1945. 9 1941, December 16, London. – Declaration of a State of War Between the Czechoslovak Republic and the States that are in a State of War with Great Britain, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the United States of America I declare, in accordance with Section 64, Para. 1, Point 3 of the Constitution, that the Czechoslovak Republic is in a state of war with all states that are in a state of war with Great Britain, the Union of
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FACING HISTORY The evolution of Cze
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Published by Gallery s.r.o. for the
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Contents Chapter I ■ Historical R
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Foreword The end of eight centuries
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HISTORICAL ROOTS 10
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towns of the Bohemian kingdom that
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continued to be present on the terr
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king (the first being Vratislav II
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St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of
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Theutonica as a category defined by
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and the arrival of the Czechs. This
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25 Historical Roots Chapter I The B
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Meanwhile the position of Prussia w
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econciliation with the so-called Mo
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economic sphere also. It is no acci
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figure continued to grow, but in th
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Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
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Chapter II guardianship of czarist
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Chapter II Declaration of the Right
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Chapter II ideals common to all man
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Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
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Chapter II deputation, as manifeste
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Chapter II under the leadership of
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Chapter II the wake of World War II
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Chapter II up to October 28, 1918.
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Chapter II whole, i.e. those that f
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Chapter II At that time it was not
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Chapter II important in terms of in
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Chapter II opted for Czechoslovak n
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Chapter II On December 16, 1916, th
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CZECHS AND GERMANS IN A DEMOCRATIC
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Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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centred on the Živnostenská banka
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Chapter IV THE “SECOND REPUBLIC
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Chapter IV until November 30, 1938,
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Chapter IV years”. He announced t
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Chapter IV decree failed to specify
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Chapter IV whereby ownership relati
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Chapter IV Bohemia and Moravia). Wh
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Chapter IV farmers were forbidden t
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Chapter IV demanded that the proper
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Chapter IV of that year, Jews had b
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Chapter IV of the banking giants in
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Chapter IV 1945, employed 65.3% of
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Chapter IV unconditional establishm
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Chapter IV they were followed later
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Chapter IV ensuring its efficient a
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Chapter IV The establishment of the
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Chapter IV economic, social and cul
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Chapter IV also applied to foreign
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Chapter IV One of the main tasks of
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Chapter IV and Nazi gangs took plac
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Chapter IV The attitudes of the Ger
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Chapter IV This contradictory state
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Chapter IV saw in them a vision of
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Chapter IV Czechoslovak political l
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Chapter IV RECOGNITION OF THE CZECH
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Chapter IV regards the pre-Munich b
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Chapter IV out by the occupation. N
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Chapter IV Many Czechs were interne
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Chapter IV paradoxically bolstering
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Chapter IV Heydrich and Hácha in f
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Chapter IV central European state a
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Chapter IV The Break up of Czechosl
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Chapter IV Germans; with the intens
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Chapter IV This “final solution
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Chapter IV This was however mirrore
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Chapter IV transmitter “Sparta”
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Chapter IV Germans in the Czechoslo
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Chapter IV 500,000 prominent Henlei
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Chapter IV capable of doing to huma
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THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
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medical care, around 40,000, or alm
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Nationalities Groups in Europe, Sud
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surviving evacuees returned to Nort
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Eastern Poland to Siberia, Central
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the end of the 1940s in the more no
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central and eastern Europe were cle
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German population compromised durin
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Chapter VI The Implementation of th
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THE TRANSFER AND ITS LEGAL ASPECTS
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agreements concerning reparations.
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would apply, the key Constitutional
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expropriation on territories occupi
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NSDAP, Hungarian political parties,
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the time of issue of the original d
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confiscation), and Constitutional D
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the war-damaged economy. In the sam
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Page 265 and 266: Broad civilian resistance came into
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Page 271 and 272: property. Approximately 75,000 peop
Page 273 and 274: them in connection with the valid c
Page 276 and 277: Chapter VIII Interpretation of the
Page 282 and 283: Decrees of the President of the Rep
Page 292 and 293: Bibliography Hořejš, Miloš: Nár
Page 294 and 295: Documents 1. The Treaty between the
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Page 298 and 299: Documents Article 9 This law shall
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Page 312 and 313: Documents Munich constitution and i
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Page 318 and 319: Documents Article 3 (1) The followi
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Page 322 and 323: Documents (3) Also persons may requ
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Page 326 and 327: Documents the Decree of the Preside
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Page 332 and 333: Some Presidential Decrees and their
Page 334 and 335: Abolished by Law No.65/1965 Coll. N
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