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Chapter I Historical Roots not simply as individuals, but above all as social legal communities - the Estates. Those principles were, of course, shared by the Czech, Austrian and German estates, as well as their Polish and Hungarian counterparts, who always defended them. It was to apply in the eighteenth century, for instance, when provincial patriotism was awakened in response to the pressure of the Enlightenment state. In other respects, however, they were not unified; the estates of the different countries often felt themselves to be competitors, became involved in mutual quarrels and contradicted each other on many issues. And they were also xenophobic – newly arrived foreigners who settled in their country could represent an economic or political threat. And it was necessary to defend themselves against them. In sixteenthcentury Czech texts one finds plenty of complaints against that influx. Even later one can read the well-known sentence, that “the time will come when a Czech on Charles Bridge will be as rare as a deer with golden antlers”. But a Czech was still above all someone who had lived in Bohemia for several generations, although by then he was also expected to be a Czech speaker. When in 1615 the Czech provincial diet adopted the famous ruling that whoever wanted to purchase property in the country had to learn Czech and teach their children the language, their decision was implicitly an expression of the Estates’ concept of state interest. By then marked elements of modern national consciousness were already coming into being. Comenius’ definition of the nation from the 1660s sounds very modern even nowadays: “The nation is a large number of people belonging to the same tribe, living in the same place on earth (as if in a shared home, which they call their homeland). They speak the same language and are bound by the same links of shared love, concord and striving for the common good.” However, as it came into existence the new state did not require simply a 24 unified administration, involving the creation of a state bureaucracy, but increasingly a unified state language. In the countries under Habsburg rule that language eventually became German by law, although it wasn’t until Joseph II that it became the compulsory official language. Until then it asserted itself by means of actual communication needs and possibilities. But other languages were commonly used in addition to German: Czech, of course, but also Italian and Latin. Central Europe of the 16 th -18 th centuries was multilingual. However, after German was established as the official state language it also became increasingly nationalised in the course of the nineteenth century. It became a tool and argument in the national conflicts and national movements. FROM ETHNIC GROUP TO NATION During the second half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, the Czechs and Germans underwent a process, whereby – in modern terms – they were transformed from ethnic groups into nations. That process of nationalisation, i.e. the creation of a modern nation, is a complex phenomenon that was component of European history from the second half of the eighteenth century. It may be said to have culminated in the nineteenth century but it did not end until World War I and its aftermath. It was referred to in older historiography as “national revivals” and known popularly as “the springtime of the nations”. According to the broadly-based comparative analyses of the Czech historian Miroslav Hroch, which have received international recognition, nation building was a three-phase process. In the first phase, the ethnic group was simply the object of scholarly interest; its language, culture and ways of life were the subject of study. That interest was aroused by the scholarly curiosity and patriotism of the Enlightenment intellectuals and their
25 Historical Roots Chapter I The Battle of the White Mountain was not so much a clash of hostile nations as of contradictory principles of government.The Estates were trying to defend their traditional privileges in the face of ascendant imperial absolutism. Nonetheless their defeat marked the destruction of the Czech elite and helped strengthen Germanising tendencies. budding emotional attachment to their own ethnic group. In the Czech context the very symbol of that initial phase was Josef Dobrovský, while on the German side one could mention the historian Augustus Schlözer. The second phase is that of “national agitation”, during which intellectuals with patriotic sentiments try to persuade the members of their ethnic group that it has the same rights as already existing nations. If that propaganda is successful, towards the end of that phase the ethnic group starts to form a nation, although its existence is not yet fully assured. That can only be achieved if there is mass identification with the national ideals and the evolution of the full social composition of modern society, which happens in phase three. One component of this final step in the building of a modern nation is economic emancipation. The third phase then concludes with the fulfilment of the political goals of national movement, namely the achievement of the widest autonomy or political independence in the form of “their own” state. If we focus solely on the Czech- German aspect, we soon notice that the emancipation of the Germans was not only more rapid, it was also more offensive. Above all, it was extremely complex. Not only did it take place before a unified German state existed, it
Page 1: FACING HISTORY The evolution of Cze
Page 4 and 5: Published by Gallery s.r.o. for the
Page 6 and 7: Contents Chapter I ■ Historical R
Page 8 and 9: Foreword The end of eight centuries
Page 10: HISTORICAL ROOTS 10
Page 13 and 14: towns of the Bohemian kingdom that
Page 15 and 16: continued to be present on the terr
Page 17 and 18: king (the first being Vratislav II
Page 19 and 20: St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of
Page 21 and 22: Theutonica as a category defined by
Page 23: and the arrival of the Czechs. This
Page 27 and 28: Meanwhile the position of Prussia w
Page 29 and 30: econciliation with the so-called Mo
Page 31 and 32: economic sphere also. It is no acci
Page 33 and 34: figure continued to grow, but in th
Page 36 and 37: Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
Page 38 and 39: Chapter II guardianship of czarist
Page 40 and 41: Chapter II Declaration of the Right
Page 42 and 43: Chapter II ideals common to all man
Page 44 and 45: Chapter II The Czechs and Germans a
Page 46 and 47: Chapter II deputation, as manifeste
Page 48 and 49: Chapter II under the leadership of
Page 50 and 51: Chapter II the wake of World War II
Page 52 and 53: Chapter II up to October 28, 1918.
Page 54 and 55: Chapter II whole, i.e. those that f
Page 56 and 57: Chapter II At that time it was not
Page 58 and 59: Chapter II important in terms of in
Page 60 and 61: Chapter II opted for Czechoslovak n
Page 62 and 63: Chapter II On December 16, 1916, th
Page 64: CZECHS AND GERMANS IN A DEMOCRATIC
Page 67 and 68: Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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Czechs and Germans in a Democratic
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centred on the Živnostenská banka
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Chapter IV THE “SECOND REPUBLIC
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Chapter IV until November 30, 1938,
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Chapter IV years”. He announced t
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Chapter IV decree failed to specify
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Chapter IV whereby ownership relati
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Chapter IV Bohemia and Moravia). Wh
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Chapter IV farmers were forbidden t
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Chapter IV demanded that the proper
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Chapter IV of that year, Jews had b
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Chapter IV of the banking giants in
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Chapter IV 1945, employed 65.3% of
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Chapter IV unconditional establishm
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Chapter IV they were followed later
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Chapter IV ensuring its efficient a
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Chapter IV The establishment of the
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Chapter IV economic, social and cul
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Chapter IV also applied to foreign
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Chapter IV One of the main tasks of
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Chapter IV and Nazi gangs took plac
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Chapter IV The attitudes of the Ger
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Chapter IV This contradictory state
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Chapter IV saw in them a vision of
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Chapter IV Czechoslovak political l
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Chapter IV RECOGNITION OF THE CZECH
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Chapter IV regards the pre-Munich b
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Chapter IV out by the occupation. N
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Chapter IV Many Czechs were interne
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Chapter IV paradoxically bolstering
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Chapter IV Heydrich and Hácha in f
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Chapter IV central European state a
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Chapter IV The Break up of Czechosl
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Chapter IV Germans; with the intens
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Chapter IV This “final solution
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Chapter IV This was however mirrore
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Chapter IV transmitter “Sparta”
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Chapter IV Germans in the Czechoslo
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Chapter IV 500,000 prominent Henlei
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Chapter IV capable of doing to huma
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THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
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medical care, around 40,000, or alm
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Nationalities Groups in Europe, Sud
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surviving evacuees returned to Nort
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Eastern Poland to Siberia, Central
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the end of the 1940s in the more no
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central and eastern Europe were cle
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German population compromised durin
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Chapter VI The Implementation of th
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THE TRANSFER AND ITS LEGAL ASPECTS
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agreements concerning reparations.
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would apply, the key Constitutional
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expropriation on territories occupi
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NSDAP, Hungarian political parties,
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the time of issue of the original d
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confiscation), and Constitutional D
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the war-damaged economy. In the sam
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Advisory Council, diplomats of the
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No. 47/1945 Coll., concerning the P
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to confirm and declare as laws the
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Disregarding the partial amnesties
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it was possible, even at that time,
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and legitimacy based on the require
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listed bore witness to the legal an
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Broad civilian resistance came into
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(justifiable). According to German
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Command and any state, municipal, o
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property. Approximately 75,000 peop
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them in connection with the valid c
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Chapter VIII Interpretation of the
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Decrees of the President of the Rep
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Bibliography Hořejš, Miloš: Nár
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Documents 1. The Treaty between the
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Documents institutions, schools and
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Documents Article 9 This law shall
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Documents 7) Measures would be unde
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Documents Article 9 The Protectorat
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Documents Soviet Socialist Republic
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Documents Article 8 (1) The regulat
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Documents Unions Centre, the Agricu
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Documents Article 20 (1) Legal acti
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Documents Munich constitution and i
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Documents a member of an organisati
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Documents Article 26 (1) Proceeding
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Documents Article 3 (1) The followi
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Documents of special circumstances,
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Documents (3) Also persons may requ
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Documents circumstances of special
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Documents the Decree of the Preside
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Documents for the purpose of their
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Documents 22 1946, March 28, Prague
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Some Presidential Decrees and their
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Abolished by Law No.65/1965 Coll. N
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