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M. Aleman and J. Locke, two frustrated physicians, Vesalius, VI, 2, 83-89, 20008. G.A. Russell The Arabick' Interest, p.224-263,describes Locke's relationship with Dr EdwardPococke, «Professor of the Hebrew and ArabickTongues» and his son, translator of «PhilosophusAutodidacticus», an Arabic allegorical tale thatwould have inspired some of Locke's psychosocialtheories, especially regarding the infant's mind asa «Tabula rasa».9. The group included Richard Lower, originator ofblood transfusions, and Christopher Wren,illustrator and publisher of medical books beforehe turned to architecture (St. Paul's Cathedral)10. Dewhurst, John LockeBibliographyAguirre E., (1938) Quiste Hidatidico An Escuela Nac.Ciencias Biol., 1 : 155-159.Aleman M. (1984) Guzman de Alfarache, Ed.Brancaforte, B. Catedra (Madrid)Aleman M. (1950) Ortografia Castellana, leronimoBalli, Reprinted : Rojas Garciduenas, C, El colegiode Mexico (Mexico)Aleman M., (1999) Sucesos de Frai Garcia Gera.Arzobispode Mexico,V\uda6e Pedro Galli (Mexico)1613. Reprinted in Ensayo Bibliografico Mexicanodel Siglo XVII Andrade, V. de P., ed. Imprenta delMuseo Nacional (Mexico)Bleiberg G., (1967) Nuevos Datos Historicos de MateoAleman, Actas del Segundo Congreso deHispanistas, Janssen Brothers (Nijmegen).Brown L.F. (1933), The First Earl of Shaftesbury, D.Appleton CO (NY).Christie W., (1871) A Life of Anthony Ashley Cooper (2vols.) Macmillan Co. (London).Cros E. (1971) Mateo Aleman: introduccion a su vidayasu obra, Anaya (Salamanca)Cros E. (1967) Protee etLe Gueux. Didier (Paris)Dewhurst K. (1963), John Locke, Physician andPhilosopher, Wellcome Historical Medical Library(London).Dryden J. (1953), Poems and Prose, Penguin (NY).Dunn J. (1984) Locke. Oxford University Press (Oxford)Escobar A. (1960) T. Echinococcus Acta Polit. Mex., 2:275.Fox-Bourne H.R. (1876) The Life of John Locke, HenryS. King (Henry S. King and Co.).Garcia P.(1994) Porlos Caminos de la Transhumancia,Evergraficas (Leon)Gough J.W. (1950) John Locke's Political Philosophy,Clarendon (Oxford).Haley K.H.D. (1968) The First Earl of Shaftesbury.Clarendon (Oxford).King P.K. (1830) The Life of John Locke, Henry Colburn(London).Leonard I. (1959), Baroque Times in Old Mexico, U.Mich Press (Ann Arbor).Locke J. (1700) An Essay Concerning HumanUnderstanding, 4th Ed. Black Swan (London).Locke J. (1980) Second Treatise of Government.Hacket (Indianapolis).Marquez F. (1994), El Canto de Cisne de MateoAleman. Asociacion de Amigos del Museo Sefardi(Toledo).Martyn B. (1836), The Life of the First Earl of Shaftesbury(2 vols.) Richard Bently (London).McGrady D. (1968), Mateo Aleman, Twain Pubs (NY).Minckler J., ed. (1972), Pathology of the NervousSystem. McGraw-Hill (NY).Osier W. (1926), An Alabama Student and otherbiographical essays, Oxford University Press (Oxford).Pears I. (1991), An instance of the Fingerpost.Riverhead Books (NY).Porter R. (1997) The Greatest Benefit to Mankind.Harper Collins (London)Rogers G.A.J. (1995) Locke's Philosophy, Clarendon(Oxford).Russell G.A. ed. (1994), the «Arabick» Interest of theNatural Philosophers in Seventeenth CenturyEngland. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1994.Trevelyan G.M. (1965), England Under the Stuarts.University Paperbacks (NY).BiographyDrGuillermo C. Sanchez, a member of the InternationalAssociation for the History of Medicine, was aninternist and medical historian associated with theMassachussetts General Hospital in Boston. He wasfluent in several languages and the author of a numberof medical historical articles. He graduated fromHarvard College in 1946 and from Harvard MedicalSchool in 1949. He was a longtime chairman of theArchives Committee at MGD, a past president of theRoxbury Clinical Records Club and a member of theClub of Odd Volumes. Dr. Sanchez passed away onAugust 17, 2000 at his home in West Newton, Mass.He was 75.89
J.J. Virey et la naissance de la chronobiologie, Vesalius, VI, 2, 90-99, 2000Julien Joseph Vireyet la naissance de la chronobiologieA. E. Reinberg & H. LewyRésuméJulien-Joseph Virey (1775-1846) fut pharmacien chef de l'Hôpital militaire du Val-de-Grâce (1804-1813) Il est connu comme pharmacien novateur, naturaliste, anthropologiste et philosophe de lanature. Auteur prolifique, touche-à-tout, certaines de ses idées furent contestées, parfois durement.Le regain d'intérêt pour son œuvre est du à sa thèse de doctorat en médecine (Paris 1814)consacrée aux rythmes biologiques. Pour Virey, ils ont un caractère «inné»; ils sont contrôlés pardes «horloges vivantes» elles mêmes «entraînées» parles variations périodiques de l'environnementcomme l'alternance jour/nuit. Il rapporte que les effets des médicaments varient en fonctionde l'heure de leur administration. Mais surtout, il publie la première observation quantifiée desrythmes circadiens et annuels de la mortalité humaine.Les résultats de méthodes statistiques appropriées confirment le bien fondé des vues de Virey etpermettent de vérifier que les caractéristiques de ces rythmes ont peu varié depuis 1807 malgréles modifications profondes de notre environnement. Ainsi, Virey fut probablement le premierchronobiologiste.SummaryJulien-Joseph Virey (1775-1846) was pharmacist-in-chief at Val-de-Grâce, a military hospital inParis (1804-1813). He is regarded as an innovative pharmacist, a naturalist, an anthropologist anda philosopher of nature. Virey was a prolific author, with writings encompassing a wide range ofinterests, although many of his ideas were sometimes harshly contested.The renewal ofinterest in Virey's work is based on his doctoral thesis in medicine (Paris 1814), thefirst one ever devoted to biological rhythms. According to Virey, biological rhythms are "innate incharacter" and are controled by "living docks" which themselves are "entrained" (synchronized) byenvironmental periodic changes e.g. day/night alternation. He reported as well that the effects ofdrugs vary according to the time of their administration. But above ail, he published a table withquantified time séries showing circadian and annual mortality rhythms in humans. Results ofappropriate statistical analyses confirm Virey's views and show that the characteristics of thèserhythms hâve changed very little since 1807 despite major changes in environmental conditions.Thus, Virey may be considered the founder of chronobiology.IntroductionAlain E. Reinberg, Unité de Chronobiologie. FondationA. de Rothschild. 29, rue Manin, 75940 Pariscedex 19, France.Hadas Lewy, Department of Human Genetics andMolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel AvivUniversity; 69978, POB 39040, IsraëlJulien Joseph Virey (figure 1), né à Hortes(Haute-Marne) en 1775 et décédé à Paris en1846 fut un auteur particulièrement prolifiquedans plusieurs domaines des sciences de la vie(1, 2). La liste complète de ses publications,90
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