Folia Geographica 10. sÄjums - Latvijas UniversitÄte

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CILVĒKA ĢEOGRĀFIJAweather it is or is not a problem in Latvia. There are 4 factors that help to outline the changes.The most influent factor (“cities’ impact”) is the relatively high level of concentration ofactivities in Riga and other central cities as compared with other Baltic states. Althoughdisparities between bigger cities and rural regions are characteristic to all Baltic states, the gapbetween Riga and the rest of Latvia is greater than in other Baltic states because ‘the distancefrom the capital’ is one of the indicators determining “distribution of welfare” factor in Latvia.This is not evident in all Baltic states. It means that there are numerous primary growth polesfound in this territory which are not adequately equipped to compete to Riga. This also explainswhy the most influential factor of concentration in Latvia is “cities’ impact” and “the welfarefactor” while in other Baltic states such factors as “economic activities” and “demographicaldifferences” are more important. The cluster analysis and ranking implemented as part of thisresearch reveals that the largest power is still concentrated in big cities and central regions whileLatgale continues to be the least developed region of Latvia and the Baltic states.AtsaucesCIA World Factbook 2001. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/abc_world_fact_book.htmlCore–periphery model (1994). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, p.95Glasson J. (1995). An Introduction to Regional Planning. London: UCL Press, 434 pp.Growth pole (1994). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, p.238Hodder R. (2000). Development Geography. London: Routledge, 186 pp.LR CSP (2000). Latvijas demogrāfijas gadagrāmata 2000. Rīga: LR CSP, 206 lpp.LR CSP(2001a). Latvijas reģioni skaitļos 2000. Statistikas gadagrāmata. Rīga: LR CSP,138 lpp.LR CSP (2001b). Latvijas statistikas gadagrāmata 2001. Rīga: LR CSP, 250 lpp.LR CSP (2001c). Mājsaimniecības budžets 2000. gadā. Rīga: LR CSP, 146 lpp.Neoclassical economics (1994). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell,p.410Norton W. (1995). Human Geography. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 336 pp.Regional Statistics of Estonia (2000). http://www.stat.vil.ee/Richardson J. (1972). Regional Economics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 458 pp.SL (2000). Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania 2000. Vilnius: SL, 616 pp.SL (2002). Counties of Lithuania. Economic and Social Development 2000. Vilnius: SL,354 pp.Storey D. (2001). Territory: the Claiming of Space. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited,195 pp.Tautas attīstība (2002). Rīga: Jumava, 268 lpp.Vilciņš A. (2002). Baltijas valstu sociāli ekonomiskā attīstība. Rīga: LU ĢZZF, 84 lpp.74
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACES AND REGIONSChanges in the City Centre of RigaDeterminant Factors, Main Trends and Problems of Transitionto a Market Economy in Retail Trade during the 1990sPārmaiņas Rīgas pilsētas centrāIetekmes, nozīmīgākās tendences un problēmas, kas saistītas arpārmaiņam virzībā uz tirgus ekonomiku 20. gs. 90. gados mazumtirdzniecībasattīstībāHarald StandlIntroductionIn the year 1991 Latvia achieved its independence from the former Soviet Union. Since thattime a profound social and economic process of change has occurred there, which can be seenparticularly in the business centre of the capital. A number of different factors based on long-termfield research in the city centre of Riga must be analysed in order to explain sufficiently the changesin the supply structures and above all the location patterns of the retail trade during the past tenyears. Particularly important is the question of the extent that the respective urban business centreschanged structurally as well as functionally and spatially under the new free market conditions, andwhether a clear development of hierarchically arranged supply structures (e.g., in the form of mainshopping streets) can be identified. At the heart of this paper, however, is the identification of thoseparticular determinants which steered the respective processes of change. Finally, the patterns ofpositive as well as the negative factors of influence are described (see Figure 1). This overview is theresult of nearly ten years of observations on the changes in the city of Riga, as well as intensivescientific analysis of the social and economic processes, which were caused by the transition fromthe planned Soviet-style economy to a more or less free-market economy. 1 The urban area analysedis depicted in Figure 2.State of the artNumerous publications dealt with the post-socialist development of the cities in the easternFive New States of the Federal Republic of Germany (i.e., the former German Democratic Republic),in East Central Europe, and in Eastern Europe in the last ten years of the 20th century [see theselected bibliography in Heineberg 2001, pp. 246 and 274]. Pütz [1994, 1997] first concernedhimself with similar questions through his analysis of the changes of the structure of retail trade inDresden, for which he described the relevant influential factors and decision-making mechanisms ina systematic and graphic fashion. His self-developed model [Pütz 1997, p. 42] relies in its essentialfeatures on the theoretical and empirical ideas of Kulke (1992) about the structures and dynamics ofthe position of the retail trade in Lower Saxony (northern Germany); both authors focused on thethree major influential decision-makers: consumers, planners/politicians, and retailers. The veryplausible and didactically well-prepared pattern suggested is fundamentally valid only for stable andwell-ordered national economies like that of Germany. The connection of effects mentioned cannottherefore be so easily transferred to conditions in Eastern Europe because of the level of political andsocio-economic planning in the eastern countries of Central Europe with the exception of Poland[see Pütz 1998]; in Southeast and Eastern Europe it is so far only very weakly (or in some cases notat all) manifested. Above all, the retailers there were limited in their freedom, concerning the optimalchoice of location for their enterprises. Due to the newly established privatisation measures, andparticularly because of the rather radical transition of the property market, the flexibility ofentrepreneurs was reduced. They had significantly fewer options than was ever the case in westernCentral Europe.1 The author is very thankful to Dr. Zaiga Krišjāne and Dr. Maija Rozīte (Faculty of Geography,University of Latvia) and all their students (especially Una Broka and Zanda Penēze) who were extremelyhelpful in carrying out the fieldwork.75
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ĢEOGRĀFISKI RAKSTIFOLIA GEOGRAPHI
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CILVĒKS UN VIDESatursAija MellumaA
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MAN AND ENVIRONMENTAinava kā attī
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MAN AND ENVIRONMENT1. attēls. Kurz
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MAN AND ENVIRONMENTautoceļa aizsar
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NATURE RESEARCH2. attēls. Eiropas
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NATURE RESEARCHautonomais (neatkar
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NATURE RESEARCHtemperatūra nav zem
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Page 63 and 64: HUMAN GEOGRAPHYMarkausa I.M. (2001)
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Page 107 and 108: CHRONICLELatvijas Ģeogrāfijas bie
Page 109: AUTORIAUTHORSAndris Bauls, Dr.geogr
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